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. 2018 Jan 30;8:1889. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-20222-6

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Schematic S. aureus WTA structure. S. aureus WTA consists of an ManNAc-GlcNAc disaccharide linkage unit connected to the peptidoglycan layer in the bacterial cell wall, two glycerol phosphate units and a long chain of ribitol phosphate repeating units substituted with α- or β-GlcNAc and D-alanine (adapted from Kurokawa et al.²³). Structural changes by mutations of ΔtarS, ΔtarM, or ΔtarO are indicated. GlcNAc, N-acetylglucosamine; ManNAc, N-acetylmannoseamine; D-Ala, D-alanine; PG, peptidoglycan.