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. 2018 Jan 30;8:1852. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-20411-3

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) The attenuation principle of the γ-ray radiation according to soft shields. The γ-ray was attenuated by interactions between electrons and shield particles. (b) A schematic illustration for an experimental measurement of the γ-ray transmission with a Cs-137 (0662 MeV) radiation source. (c) The transmission rates for the γ-ray radiation were investigated using the thickness of the soft shields. The shields contain 3.33 M of each shield particle. (d) The attenuation coefficients of the soft shields were evaluated from the transmission rates. (e) The calculated attenuation coefficient (solid line) and the comparison with the measurements (filled square data) for a lead oxide (PbO₂) composite. (f) Variation of the half-value layer with the PbO₂ content in the soft shields. 5E-3 PbO₂, 0.005 weight-fraction PbO₂ content; 3.5E-2 PbO₂, 0.035 weight-fraction PbO₂ content; 6.5E-2 PbO₂, 0.065 weight-fraction PbO₂ content; 2.6E-1 PbO₂, 0.26 weight-fraction PbO₂ content; and 4.1E-1 PbO₂, 0.41 weight-fraction PbO₂ content.