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. 2018 Jan 25;9:44. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00044

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Copyright © 2018 Davies, Reynolds and Stamataki.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Organization of liver-resident and recirculating efferocytes. (A) Hepatocytes are spread over three zones, exposed to different levels of oxygen and nutrients. Hepatocytes in zone 1 proximal to the portal triad (portal vein, hepatic artery, bile duct) have access to arterial and venous blood entering the liver through the circulation. Hepatocytes in zone 3 have less access to oxygen and nutrients and are exposed to blood draining into the central vein. Hematoxylin-eosin stain, scale bar represents 50 µm. (B) A plethora of liver resident and recirculating cells are able to engulf apoptotic and necrotic cells and clear them to maintain tissue homeostasis. Kupffer cells, monocytes and macrophages (mϕ) are the best-characterized efferocytes in the liver.