Table 2.

Side effects reported on biological therapy of refractory AOSD

Biologics	Rash	MAS	Infection	Others	Total
Adalimumab	1	2	0	0	3
Etanercept	2	0	3 (1 Listeria Meningoencephalitis, 1 Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, 1 thigh abscess)	2 (1 allergy; 1 shortness of breath)	7
Infiliximab	4	2	3 (1 bacterial pneumonia, 1 hepatitis B virus, 1 recurrent bronchitis)	3 (1 massive edema of the bilateral periorbital region, 1 lupus rash + optic neuritis, 1 cardiac failure)	12
Anakinra	18	0	13 (5 urinary tract infections, 2 soft tissue abscess, 1 phalanx osteomyelitis, 1 gastroenteritis with fever, 1 influenza A virus infection of the upper respiratory tract, 1 trachiobronchitis, 2 respiratory tract infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 1 herpes zoster)	8 (3 mild leukopenia, 1 cardiac death, 1 escape phenomenon, 1 myopathy, 1 severe respiratory distress and hemodynamic shock, 1 subacute liver failure, 2 trombocytopenia)	39
Canakinumab	0	1	0	0	1
Tocilizumab	0	2	15 (4 upper respiratory tract infection, 2 herpes zoster virus infection, 1 Epstein–Barr virus infection, 1 dental infection, 1 acute enterocolitis, 1 pyelonephritis, 3 bacterial pneumonia, 1 urinary infection, 1 abscess in the psoas muscle caused by Staphylococcus aureus)	23 (2 facial swelling, 2 high blood pressure, 1 deep vein thrombosis and massive hematochezia, 1 chest pain and chills, 5 increased alanine aminotransferase levels, 5 leukopenia or neutropenia, 1 liver failure, 1 liver Injury, 2 hyperlipidaemia, 2 hyperlipidemia, 1 malignant melanoma)	40

Abbreviations: AOSD, adult-onset Still’s disease; MAS, macrophage activation syndrome.