Table 1.

Mean change in alcohol use among studies evaluating a reduction of the illegal BAC limit

Article	Location/ Time Span	Outcome measure	Analysis used	Results	Change Value
Apsler et al., 1999	U.S. 1982 to 1994	Fatal crash rates in FARS	Time series analysis (ARIMA)	Though results varied notably between states, only marginal differences were found in alcohol consumption rates following law implementation. The increase was not significant.	NS
Bernhoff and Behrensdorff, 2003	Denmark 1993 to 1999	Self-reported drinking and driving, alcohol-related injury accidents	Chi-square and independent sample t-test	Drivers reported drinking less alcohol following law implementation. Findings were not statistically significant.	NS
Campos et al., 2013	Brazil 2007 to 2009	Rates of drinking and driving	Logistic regression analysis	Following the implementation of the law, there was a significant decrease in positive breath tests and self-reported rates of alcohol consumption.	−2
Kerr, Greenfield, and Midanik, 2006	U.S. 1979, 1995, and 2000	Perception of drunkenness	Trend analysis using three cross-sectional surveys	Mean number of reported drinks to feel drunk declined significantly following law implementation for men (but not for women).	−1
Noordzij, 1994	Netherlands 1983 and 1992	Alcohol use among roadside surveys	Observation of trend	Drivers who screened positive for alcohol decreased following the law implementation.	NS
Schwartz and Davaran, 2013	U.S. (24 jurisdictions) 1990 to 2007	Alcohol-related driving and arrests among gender	Two-way fixed-effects regression models	Alcohol-related arrests increased for both genders (though women in particular) after law implementation. Change was not statistically significant.	NS