Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2017 Dec 23;9(3):4044–4060. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.23661

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

Copyright: © 2018 Hodeib et al.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 (CC BY 3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

PMC Copyright notice

(A) The glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle. cGPD = cytosolic glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, mGPD – mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. (B) The malate-aspartate shuttle. Numbers indicate the following enzymes and transporters: (1) Cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase (2) Malate dehydrogenase 1 (3) Malate-alpha-ketoglutarate antiporter (4) Malate dehydrogenase 2 (5) Mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase (6) Glutamate-aspartate antiporter. Black and red dashed lines indicate the flow of α-ketoglutarate and glutamate between the cytosol and mitochondrial space.