Table 1.
Descriptive statistics
| Variablea | n (%) or M (SD) range (kurtosis) |
|---|---|
| Sex (n = 3,395) | |
| Female | 1,812 (53.4) |
| Male | 1,583 (46.6) |
| Age (n = 3,379) | 14.58 (0.40) 12–16 |
| Race and ethnicity (n = 3,311) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 520 (15.7) |
| Hispanic | 1,557 (47.0) |
| Black | 166 (5.0) |
| Asian | 535 (16.2) |
| Multiethnic or other | 533 (16.1) |
| Living situation (n = 3,360) | |
| Other type of living situation | 1,226 (36.5) |
| Living with both parents | 2,134 (63.5) |
| Family history of substance use (n = 3,223) | |
| None | 975 (30.3) |
| Having family substance use history | 2,248 (69.7) |
| Parental education level (n=2931)b | |
| High school graduate or higher degree | 2,548 (86.9) |
| Lower than high school graduate | 383 (13.1) |
| Alternative reinforcement W1 (n = 3,279) | 58.20 (24.07) 0–172 (0.32) |
| Alternative reinforcement W3 (n = 2,984) | 52.12 (25.03) 0–176 (0.81) |
| Complementary reinforcement W1 (n = 3,288) | 0.85 (3.56) 0–120 (24.40) |
| Complementary reinforcement W3 (n = 3,006) | 1.65 (6.02) 0–176 (33.39) |
| Substance use in past 30 days W1 (n = 3,375) | 0.27 (0.71) |
| Substance use in past 30 days W2 (n = 3,258) | 0.41 (0.92) |
| Substance use in past 30 days W4 (n = 3,207) | 0.46 (0.97) |
a
Available (nonmissing) data; for categorical variables, denominator for within-column percentages.
b
Participants who marked “don’t know” response (N = 422) recoded as missing.