Table 2. Error codes, criteria, and examples.

Seven error types were identified: perceptual, phonological, no response, neologism, perseveration, motor speech, and offset.

Error category	Criteria	Example
Perceptual	Patient appears to have not “heard” the target word	“huh”, “what”, “I don’t know”, “can you repeat that?”
Phonological	Addition, deletion, substitution, or transposition of phonemes of the target word	“de” for debate, “opti” for optimism, “”caterpilly” for caterpillar, “fedometer” for speedometer
No response	No verbal response
Neologism	Patient produces a word that has less than half of the target word’s phonemes.	[εfəˈbɔɹfn̩] for delicacy
Perseveration	Patient repeats previous stimulus, in whole or in part (could also be a persistent production error)	“superstition” (preceding word) for extinguisher, “commotion” for illustrator while previous word was locomotion, “kæpə’ɹɪʃənɪs;kælvə’ɹɪʃənɪs’;ˌæʃə’ɹɪʃənɪs;kæl…’ɪʃənɪs” for salutation and carryover consecutively
Motor Speech	Phonologically correct, but the phonetic quality is altered (i.e., slurred or distorted)	prosperity [slurred]
Offset	Delay in response until stimulation is terminated	say…delivery [stimulation offset] → “delivery”