Table 3.
Results of latent growth curves for past month smoking and alcohol use
| Smoking b
|
Alcohol Use c
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||
| Time-varying Covariates | Est. (SE) | Est. (SE) | Est. (SE) | Est. (SE) | |
|
|
|
||||
| Neighborhood Disadvantage | .64 (.15) *** | .41 (.13) ** | .24 (.11) * | .12 (.10) | |
| Residential Stability | −.04 (.15) | −.05 (.13) | .08 (.09) | .08 (.09) | |
| Family Income | −.49 (.15) ** | −.15 (.10) | |||
| Low Family Functioning | .38 (.11) ** | .36 (.08) *** | |||
| Family Substance Use Environment a | .33 (.11) ** | .17 (.07) * | |||
| Deviant Peers | 1.05 (.11) *** | .82 (.07) *** | |||
| Time-fixed Covariates | |||||
| Female | Int. | −.18 (.35) | −.03 (.34) | −.72 (.24) ** | −.54 (.24) * |
| Slope | −.03 (.13) | −.04 (.12) | .13 (.09) | .12 (.08) | |
| African American | Int. | −.69 (.46) | −1.01 (.47) * | −.85 (.33) * | −.88 (.34) * |
| Slope | −.43 (.17) ** | −.30 (.16) | .05 (.12) | .10 (.11) | |
| Asian American | Int. | −2.08 (.63) ** | −1.73 (.63) ** | −2.24 (.41) *** | −1.96 (.41) *** |
| Slope | −.32 (.22) | −.20 (.22) | .26 (.13) * | .35 (.12) ** | |
| Native American | Int. | −.45 (.66) | −.80 (.69) | −.97 (.56) | −1.14 (.58) |
| Slope | .66 (.22) ** | .63 (.23) ** | .42 (.17) * | .41 (.18) * | |
| Two Parent Household | Int. | .33 (.49) | .72 (.49) | .46 (.31) | .61 (.31) |
| Slope | −.35 (.17) * | −.27 (.16) | −.28 (.11) ** | −.23 (.11) * | |
| Parent College Education | Int. | −.83 (.49) | −.35 (.49) | −.06 (.27) | .13 (.28) |
| Slope | −.11 (.19) | −.11 (.18) | −.08 (.10) | −.12 (.10) | |
| Intercept & Slope | |||||
| Int. | Int. | .00 (.00) | .00 (.00) | .00 (.00) | .00 (.00) |
| Slope | .61 (.25) * | .70 (.24) ** | .14 (.17) | .20 (.16) | |
| Residual Variance | Int. | 4.82 (1.3) *** | 3.67 (1.1) *** | 3.81 (.75) *** | 3.56 (.74) *** |
| Slope | .66 (.20) ** | .50 (.17) ** | .35 (.10) *** | .27 (.08) *** | |
| Intercept & Slope Covariance | −.35 (.31) | −.55 (.33) * | −.57 (.20) ** | −.73 (.20) *** | |
| BIC d | 2187 (2203) | 2011 (2032) | 3504 (3518) | 3296 (3303) | |
Notes. N=808; Est. = unstandardized estimates; SE = standard error; Int = intercept; time-varying predictors were standardized prior to inclusion in the model and predicted smoking and alcohol use after controlling for the average intercept and growth for the sample; ethnicity variables are compared to European Americans.
= family smoking environment and family alcohol environment correspond to each outcome respectively.
= Results of unconditional smoking model with intercept set at 0, intercept variance (Est = 5.21, SE = 1.35), slope (Est = .11, SE = .12), slope variance (Est = .79, SE = .21), BIC (2233).
= Results of unconditional alcohol use model with intercept set at 0, intercept variance (Est = 4.49, SE = .80), slope (Est = .21, SE = .07), slope variance (Est = .39, SE = .10), BIC (3526).
= BIC in parenthesis represents fit with additional time-varying covariates unconstrained over time.
p<.05,
p<.01
p<.001.