Table 3.
Characteristics of patients with HH classified by clinical cause
| Variable | Cause | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cardiac failure (n = 548) | Septic shock (n = 333) | Hypovolemic shock (n = 105) | Acute respiratory failure (n = 71) | Acute on chronic respiratory failure (n = 37) | Pulmonary embolism (n = 16) | Hyperthermia (n = 6) | P | |
| Sexa | ||||||||
| Male | 63.1% (346) | 61.6 (205) | 57.1% (60) | 54.9% (39) | 54.1% (20) | 62.5 (10) | 66.7% (4) | 0.721 |
| Ageb (year) | 68.0 (58.0–76.0) | 64.0 (52.0–74.0) | 64.0 (56.0–73.0) | 59.0 (48.5–71.5) | 65.0 (61.0–72.0) | 57.5 (47.5–61.5) | 54.5 (35.8–64.2) | 0.003 |
| BMIb (kg/m2) | 25.5 (23.3–28.7) | 25.0 (22.1–29.3) | 26.2 (23.4–28.9) | 24.2 (22.0–27.8) | 24.6 (22.1–27.3) | 27.8 (25.1–31.0) | 27.6 (23.7–29.3) | 0.202 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||||
| Echocardioa | ||||||||
| Normal | 32.7% (179) | 51.1% (170) | 43.8% (46) | 36.6% (26) | 48.6% (18) | 18.8% (3) | 66.7% (4) | < 0.001 |
| LV dysf. | 36.5% (200) | 15.9% (53) | 5.7% (6) | 21.1% (15) | 10.8% (4) | 6.2% (1) | 16.7% (1) | < 0.001 |
| Missing | 13.3% (73) | 26.1% (87) | 46.7% (49) | 35.2% (25) | 24.3% (9) | 25.0% (4) | 16.7% (1) | < 0.001 |
| LV and RV dysf. | 13.0% (71) | 3.3% (11) | 1.0% (1) | 4.2% (3) | 2.7% (1) | 12.5% (2) | 0.0% (0) | < 0.001 |
| RV dysf. | 4.6% (25) | 3.6% (12) | 2.9% (3) | 2.8% (2) | 13.5% (5) | 37.5% (6) | 0.0% (0 | < 0.001 |
| DMa | 20.8% (114) | 19.2% (64) | 10.5% (11) | 12.7% (9) | 24.3% (9) | 12.5% (2) | 0.0% (0) | 0.103 |
| Chronic respiratory failurea | 8.4% (46) | 9.6% (32) | 9.5% (10) | 0.0% (%) | 100.0% (37) | 12.5% (2) | 0.0% (0) | < 0.001 |
| SOI scoresc | ||||||||
| APS-IIb | 28.0 (23.0–35.0) | 26.0 (21.0–35.0) | 26.0 (18.5–32.5) | 30.0 (28.0–34.0) | 26.5 (24.2–30.8) | 36.5 (36.2–36.8) | 21.5 (19.2–25.0) | 0.590 |
| SAPS-IIb | 66.0 (44.0–79.0) | 67.0 (49.0–84.0) | 65.0 (48.0–82.0) | 63.0 (31.0–79.0) | 67.5 (55.0–73.5) | 83.0 (69.2–99.2) | 41.5 (34.0–48.2) | 0.171 |
| ASTmaxa | ||||||||
| Overall | 0.135 | |||||||
| 5–10× ULN | 36.5% (200) | 34.8% (116) | 28.6% (30) | 39.4% (28) | 35.1% (13) | 37.5% (6) | 33.3% (2) | – |
| 10–20× ULN | 23.7% (130) | 20.4% (68) | 25.7% (27) | 33.8% (24) | 13.5% (5) | 25.0% (4) | 50.0% (3) | – |
| > 20× ULN | 39.8% (218) | 44.7% (149) | 45.7% (48) | 26.8% (19) | 51.4% (19) | 37.5% (6) | 16.7% (1) | – |
| Supportive therapyc | ||||||||
| Ventilationa | 79.2% (434) | 73.0% (243) | 70.5% (74) | 60.6% (43) | 64.9 (24) | 75.0% (12) | 100.0% (6) | 0.004 |
| Medication | ||||||||
| Inotropic agentsa | 63.1% (346) | 26.4% (88) | 21.0% (22) | 12.7% (9) | 21.6% (8) | 43.8% (7) | 33.3% (2) | < 0.001 |
| Vasopressor agentsa | 58.6% (321) | 69.1% (230)d | 61.9% (65) | 46.5% (33) | 43.2% (16) | 75.0% (12) | 16.7% (1) | < 0.001 |
| Dialysisa | 10.4% (57) | 11.1% (37) | 2.9% (3) | 9.9% (7) | 2.7% (1) | 0.0% (0) | 16.7% (1) | 0.090 |
| IABPa | 32.8% (180) | 4.2% (14) | 0.0% (0) | 1.4% (1) | 0.0% (0) | 0.0% (0) | 0.0% (0) | < 0.001 |
| LOS | ||||||||
| ICUb (day) | 4.6 (1.4–10.5) | 4.7 (0.9–15.8) | 2.6 (0.7–7.8) | 6.3 (2.3–15.0) | 3.2 (1.4–7.8) | 2.2 (0.3–4.1) | 7.7 (6.6–14.2) | 0.135 |
| Hospitalb (day) | 11.1 (4.6–25.7) | 12.3 (1.1–37.9) | 11.2 (0.9–28.8) | 14.3 (5.2–30.2) | 20.6 (7.6–27.7) | 5.4 (0.3–19.4) | 43.4 (10.2–97.4) | 0.037 |
| Duration | ||||||||
| Episode of HHb (h) | 50.6 (24.9–99.3) | 54.5 (25.1–87.2) | 69.4 (36.8–89.5) | 71.3 (39.0–90.0) | 28.4 (15.1–77.2) | 69.5 (28.0–139.0) | 54.6 (35.4–74.0) | 0.137 |
| Recovery of HHb (h) | 33.8 (3.4–67.5) | 34.3 (14.3–60.9) | 41.7 (21.1–65.1) | 31.0 (16.2–62.1) | 39.9 (11.6–89.3) | 35.3 (10.5–65.4) | 29.6 (21.7–43.3) | 0.810 |
| 28-day mortality | ||||||||
| ICUa | 37.8% (207) | 48.3% (161) | 40.0% (42) | 33.8% (24) | 27.0% (10) | 56.2% (9) | 33.3% (2) | 0.012 |
| In-hospitala | 41.4% (227) | 52.9% (176) | 43.8% (46) | 39.4% (28) | 37.8% (14) | 56.2% (9) | 33.3% (2) | 0.029 |
APS-II acute physiology II, AST aspartate aminotransferase, ASTmax maximum AST value, BMI body mass index, HH hypoxic hepatitis, IABP intra-aortic balloon pump, ICU intensive care unit, LOS length of stay, LV left ventricle, P P value, Q1 first quartile, Q3 third quartile, RV right ventricle, SAPS-II simplified acute physiology II, SOI severity of illness, T-ASTmax time point of maximum AST value, ULN upper limit of normal
a% (n)
bMedian (Q1–Q3)
cAt T-ASTmax ± 12 h
dA condition for septic shock was the need of vasopressor agents. In this table, the proportion of patients receiving vasopressor agents only at T-ASTmax is given