Table 1.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics
| Missing N |
HeFREF (N = 1420) |
HeFNEF (N = 1094) |
Not HF (N = 1150) |
P value HeFREF vs. Not HF |
P value HeFREF vs. HeFNEF |
P value HeFNEF vs. Not HF |
P value All groups |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | – | 71 (63–78) | 76 (70–82) | 68 (60–75) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Men (%) | – | 1005 (71) | 516 (47) | 584 (51) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.156 | < 0.001 |
| NYHA class (%) | 2/17/161 | |||||||
| I | 212 (15) | 325 (30) | 488 (49) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |
| II | 708 (50) | 493 (46) | 369 (37) | |||||
| III | 457 (32) | 244 (23) | 124 (13) | |||||
| IV | 41 (3) | 15 (1) | 8 (1) | |||||
| Diabetes (%) | 2/3/4 | 356 (25) | 287 (26) | 259 (23) | 0.12 | 0.36 | 0.06 | 0.13 |
| Ischaemic heart disease (%) | 2/7/15 | 932 (66) | 476 (44) | 244 (22) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Cerebrovascular disease (%) | 2/7/15 | 100 (7) | 68 (6) | 40 (4) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.01 | 0.001 |
| Body surface area (m2) | 6/7/4 | 1.91 (1.73–2.08) | 1.85 (1.71–2.04) | 1.95 (1.78–2.11) | < 0.001 | 0.01 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 13/3/21 | 129 (114–147) | 149 (131–167) | 147 (132–162) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.06 | < 0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 13/3/21 | 76 (66–84) | 78 (70–88) | 83 (75–91) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | – | 73 (63–86) | 68 (59–78) | 69 (60–79) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.18 | < 0.001 |
| QRS (ms) | 6//1/4 | 112 (96–140) | 92 (84–106) | 90 (82–98) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| QRS ≥ 150 ms (%) | 6//1/4 | 249 (18) | 51 (5) | 18 (2) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| PR (ms) | – | 172 (154–194) | 168 (152–192) | 162 (148–180) | < 0.001 | 0.53 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| PRc (ms) | – | 174 (157–196) | 168 (151–192) | 163 (147–179) | < 0.001 | 0.03 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| QT (ms) | 19/19/6 | 413 (380–446) | 406 (384–431) | 396 (372–416) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| QTc (ms) | 19/19/6 | 453 (422–483) | 429 (410–452) | 418 (401–441) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| TSH (mIU/L) | 117/91/196 | 1.6 (1.0–2.5) | 1.7 (1.1–2.5) | 1.6 (1.0–2.3) | 0.04 | 0.37 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
| eGFR (1.73 mL/min/m2) | 3/2/12 | 62 (47–77) | 61 (47–75) | 75 (63–88) | < 0.001 | 0.15 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| NT-ProBNP (ng/L) | 436/8/139 | 1319 (583–3378) | 547 (321–1171) | 86 (46–140) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Ejection fraction by Simpson’s | 564/523/491 | 33 (27–37) | 54 (48–61) | 59 (54–64) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| LV systolic dysfunction (%) | – | |||||||
| Normal–trivial | 0 | 820 (75) | 1151 (100) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |
| Mild | 0 | 274 (25) | 0 | |||||
| Mild–moderate | 849 (60) | 0 | 0 | |||||
| >Moderate | 571 (40) | 0 | 0 | |||||
| Mitral regurgitation > mild (%) | 27/17/161 | 447 (32) | 124 (13) | 27 (2) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Medication at initial visit | ||||||||
| β-blocker (%) | 14/18/55 | 862 (61) | 550 (51) | 285 (26) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| ACE-I (%) | 14/18/55 | 1019 (72) | 532 (49) | 325 (30) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| ARB (%) | 14/18/55 | 133 (9) | 161 (15) | 128 (12) | 0.07 | < 0.001 | 0.02 | < 0.001 |
| MRA (%) | 14/18/55 | 422 (30) | 95 (9) | 22 (2) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Amiodarone (%) | 6/18/36 | 66 (5) | 19 (2) | 6 (0.5) | < 0.001 | 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Digoxin no. (%) | 6/18/36 | 118 (8) | 40 (4) | 9 (0.8) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Loop Diuretic (%) | 8/18/3 | 993 (70) | 557 (52) | 249 (22) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Ivabradine (%) | 14/18/55 | 5 (0.4) | 2 (0.2) | 0 | 0.07 | 0.35 | 0.5 | 0.14 |
| 1 year mortality (%) | – | 171 (12) | 76 (10) | 8 (1) | < 0.001 | 0.13 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Bold indicates significance at the 0.05 level
Continuous variables are presented as median (interquartile range), whereas categorical variables are expressed as percentage. P values are for differences between patients with HeFREF, HeFNEF, and those without heart failure. Pair-wise comparisons were performed using the independent t test for continuous data (except for TSH and NT-ProBNP where the Mann–Whitney test was used) and the Chi-square test for categorical data. The one-way ANOVA test was used for comparisons of continuous data across all groups (except for TSH and NT-ProBNP where the Kruskal–Wallis test was used) and the Chi-square test for categorical data
ACE-I angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB angiotensin receptor blocker, BP blood pressure, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, MRA mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, NYHA New York Heart Association, TSH thyroid stimulating hormone