High-throughput screening for Vibrio QS inhibitors. (a) Strategy used to screen for a selective inhibitor of SmcR. (b to d) Verification of the hit molecules (20 μM concentration) using E. coli (b), V. vulnificus WT (c), and V. vulnificus ΔluxO (d) reporter strains. Note that the promoters of the lux operon in E. coli and V. vulnificus reporter strains were repressed and activated by SmcR, respectively, and that LuxO negatively regulates the expression of smcR in V. vulnificus (63). Vertical and horizontal error bars represent the standard deviations (SD) of the RLU and A600 data, respectively, from biological triplicates. Statistical significance was determined by multiple comparison after one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (****, P < 0.0001; **, P < 0.005).