Table 1.
Distribution of cognitive-related variables by gender
| Variables | Categories | Total | Men | Women | χ2 | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | 4,878 (100.0) | 1,110 (22.8) | 3,768 (77.2) | |||
| Age | <74 | 1,868 (38.3) | 475 (42.8) | 1,393 (37.0) | 723.30 | <0.001 |
| 75-84 | 2,351 (48.2) | 519 (46.8) | 1,832 (48.6) | |||
| ≥85 | 659 (13.5) | 116 (10.5) | 543 (14.4) | |||
| Education period (yr) | 0-3 | 1,803 (37.0) | 113 (10.2) | 1,690 (44.9) | 13.58 | <0.001 |
| 4-6 | 1,519 (31.1) | 321 (28.9) | 1,198 (31.8) | |||
| 7-12 | 1,365 (28.0) | 552 (49.7) | 813 (21.6) | |||
| ≥13 | 188 (3.9) | 124 (11.2) | 64 (1.7) | |||
| Depression | Normal | 3,664 (75.1) | 830 (74.8) | 2,834 (75.2) | 1.66 | 0.44 |
| Mild depression | 638 (13.1) | 138 (12.4) | 500 (13.3) | |||
| Severe depression | 576 (11.8) | 142 (12.8) | 434 (11.5) | |||
| Past occupation | Never | 2,819 (57.8) | 179 (16.1) | 2,640 (70.1) | 1,022.60 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 2059 (42.2) | 931 (83.9) | 1,128 (29.9) | |||
| No. of social activities | 0 | 1,026 (21.0) | 335 (30.2) | 691 (18.3) | 92.69 | <0.001 |
| 1 | 2,972 (60.9) | 640 (57.7) | 2,332 (61.9) | |||
| ≥2 | 880 (18.0) | 135 (12.2) | 745 (19.8) | |||
| Religion | No | 1,665 (33.0) | 533 (46.2) | 2,636 (30.0) | 127.98 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 3,213 (67.0) | 577 (53.8) | 574 (70.0) | |||
| Cohabitant | Alone | 1,514 (31.0) | 209 (18.8) | 1,305 (34.6) | 593.98 | <0.001 |
| Spouse | 1,917 (39.3) | 781 (70.4) | 1,136 (30.1) | |||
| Non-spouse | 1,447 (29.7) | 120 (10.8) | 1,327 (35.2) | |||
| ES | National Health Insurance | 4,604 (94.4) | 1,031 (92.9) | 3,573 (94.8) | 6.28 | 0.01 |
| Medical Aid | 273 (5.6) | 79 (7.1) | 194 (5.1) | |||
| Hypertension | No | 2,030 (41.6) | 575 (51.8) | 1,455 (38.6) | 61.06 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 2,845 (58.4) | 535 (48.2) | 2,310 (61.3) | |||
| DM | No | 3,664 (75.1) | 839 (75.6) | 2,825 (75.0) | 0.17 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 1,214 (24.9) | 271 (24.4) | 943 (25.0) | |||
| Hyperlipidemia | No | 4,084 (83.7) | 1,008 (90.8) | 3,076 (81.6) | 52.98 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 794 (16.3) | 102 (9.2) | 692 (18.4) | |||
| Stroke | No | 4,641 (95.1) | 1,052 (94.8) | 3,589 (95.2) | 0.42 | 0.52 |
| Yes | 237 (4.9) | 58 (5.2) | 179 (4.7) | |||
| No. of comorbid diseases | 0 | 833 (17.1) | 255 (23.0) | 578 (15.3) | 51.78 | <0.001 |
| 1-2 | 3,209 (65.8) | 716 (64.5) | 2,493 (66.2) | |||
| ≥3 | 836 (17.1) | 139 (12.5) | 697 (18.5) | |||
| Alcohol drinking | Never | 3,618 (74.2) | 239 (21.5) | 3,379 (89.7) | 2,105.34 | <0.001 |
| Ceased drinking | 552 (11.3) | 420 (37.8) | 132 (3.5) | |||
| Currently drinking | 708 (14.5) | 451 (40.6) | 257 (6.8) | |||
| Smoking | Never | 3,995 (81.9) | 329 (29.6) | 3,666 (97.3) | 2,659.31 | <0.001 |
| Ceased smoking | 705 (14.4) | 641 (57.7) | 64 (1.7) | |||
| currently smoking | 178 (3.6) | 140 (12.6) | 38 (1.0) | |||
| Exercise | No | 2,264 (46.4) | 418 (37.7) | 1,846 (49.0) | 44.28 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 2,614 (53.6) | 692 (62.3) | 1,922 (51.0) |
Values are presented as number (%).
ES, economic status by health insurance type; DM, diabetes mellitus.