Table 1.
GRADE-CERQual definition of dissemination bias in the context of qualitative research | A systematic distortion of the phenomenon of interest due to selective dissemination of qualitative studies or the findings of qualitative studies |
GRADE for effectiveness definition of publication bias | A systematic under-estimation or an over-estimation of the underlying beneficial or harmful effect due to the selective publication of studies [31] |
OPEN framework of (non-) dissemination of research findings | The approach includes three parts: 1. Issues that need to be considered when exploring possible biases due to selective dissemination of research findings (What?) 2. Stakeholders who could assume responsibility for the various stages of conducting a clinical trial and disseminating clinical trial documents (Who?) 3. Motivations that may lead the various players to disseminate study findings selectively, thereby introducing bias in the dissemination process (Why?) [17] |
Cochrane definition of publication bias | The publication or non-publication of research findings, depending on the nature and direction of the results [18] |
Cochrane definition of outcome reporting bias | The selective reporting of some outcomes but not others, depending on the nature and direction of the results [18] |