Table 1.
Current pharmacotherapies in the treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis.
| Therapeutic Classification | Therapeutic Category | Drugs/Agents | Mechanism of Action | Side Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NSAIDs | - | Aspirin, celecoxib, indometacin, ibuprofen | COXs inhibitors, Immunomodulation | Gastrointestinal reaction, dysfunction of kidney, etc. | [16] |
| Glucocorticoids | - | Dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, prednisone and methylprednisolone | Immunosuppression | Hyperadrenocorticism, infection, hypertension and atherosclerosis, osteoporosis and osteonecrosis, etc. | [17] |
| DMARDs | - | Methotrexate, hydroxychloroquine, sulfasalazine, clodronate and leflunomide | Immunosuppression, Disease-modifying activity | Myelosuppression, gastrointestinal reaction, dysfunction of liver and kidney, etc. | [18] |
| Biological agents | Anti-cytokines | Anakinra, Sarilumab, tocilizumab | IL-1 receptor | Infection | [19] |
| Sarilumab, tocilizumab | Interlukin-6R inhibitor | Infection, gastrointestinal perforation | |||
| Sirukumab, olokizumab, siltuximab | Interlukin-6 inhibitor | Infection, gastrointestinal perforation | |||
| Etanercept, adalimumab, ifliximab, certolizumab pegol, golimumab | TNF-α inhibitor | Infection, tuberculosis | |||
| Anti-T cell | Abatacept | Co-stimulation inhibitors | Infection, malignancy | ||
| Anti-B cell | Rituximab | B-cell depletion (anti-CD20) | Infection, hypertension | ||
| Kinase inhibitors | Baricitinib, tofacitinib | Janus kinase(JAK)1 and 2 inhibitor | Infection | ||
| Natural products | - | Curcumin, Resveratrol, Guggulsterone, Withanolide | IL-6, COX-2, TNF-α | - | [20] |
COX: cyloxygenase; JAK: Janus kinase; MMPs: matrix metalloproteinases; TNF: tumor necrosis factor.