Table 2.

Current nanocarrier system in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

Therapeutic Classification	Drugs/Agents	Nanocarrier System	Mean Size (nm)	Delivery/Target	Model	Reference
NSAIDs	Indomethacin	Polymeric micelles	240	EPR	AIA	[37]
	Aceclofenac	Lysine-liposomes	-	EPR	AIA	[38]
	Indomethacin	Folate-PEG-PAMAM dendrimer	<100	Folate receptor (macrophages)	Patients	[45]
	Indomethacin	Lipid microspheres	150	EPR	AIA	[54]
Glucocorticoids	Dexamethasone	Liposomes	96	EPR	AIA	[39]
	Methylprednisolone	Cyclodextrin polymer	27	EPR	CIA	[40]
	Dexamethasone	RGD-PEG liposomes	100	Endothelials	AIA	[46]
DMARDs	Methotrexate	Stealth-type polymeric nanoparticles	51–116	EPR	AIA	[41]
	Methotrexate	PEGylated liposomes	210–260	EPR	AIA	[42]
	Clodronate	Liposomes	120–160	Macrophages	AIA	[52]
Biological agents	Etanercept	TMN complex	250	EPR	CIA	[43]
	Anakinra	Folate-chitosan DNA nanoparticles	110	Macrophages	AIA	[47]
	Tocilizumab	Hyaluronate-gold nanoparticles	64	IL-6R+ cells	CIA	[48]
Others inhibitor	γ-secretase inhibitor	Hyaluronan nanoparticles	255	Macrophages	CIA	[50]
	Fumagillin	Perfluorocarbon nanoparticle	250	αVβ3 integrin activated cells	K/BxN mouse model	[51]

AIA: adjuvant-induced arthritis; CIA: collagen-induced arthritis; EPR: enhanced permeability and retention; PEG-PAMAM: poly(ethylene glycol) conjugates of anionic dendrimer; RGD-PEG: RGD peptide-polyethylene glycol; TMN: temperature-modulated noncovalent interaction.