Table 3.

Application of lipid-based nanoparticles for rheumatoid arthritis.

Lipid Nanocarrier	Drugs	Mean Size (nm)	Route of Administration	In Vitro/In Vivo Studies	Reference
Liposomes	Loperamide	102	Topical	AIA	[54]
	Lactoferrin	-	SC	AIA	[63]
Niosomes	Ursolic acid	665	Topical	AIA	[65]
	Luteolin	534–810	Topical	AIA	[66]
Ethosomes	Capsaicin	217–295	Topical	Rat skin	[68]
	Tetrandrine	78	Topical	Rat skin	[69]
Transfersomes	Capsaicin	94	Topical	AIA	[73]
	Celecoxib	100	Topical	Rat skin	[72]
	Piroxicam	655	Topical	Porcine skin	[74]
SLN	Piperine	128	Oral and topical	AIA	[79]
	Actarit	241	IV	Patients	[80]
	Methotrexate	250	-	THP-1 cells	[81]
	Tripterygium	116	Oral	AIA	[82]
	Curcumin	134	Oral	AIA	[83]
NLC	Methotrexate	181	Topical	AIA	[87]
	Flurbiprofen	214	Topical	Carrageenan-induced rat paw edema	[88]
lipid nanoemusion	Methotrexate	-	IV	AIA	[89]
	Low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein	148	IV	Patients	[90]

AIA: adjuvant-induced arthritis; IV: intravenous; SC: subcutaneous; SLN: solid lipid nanoparticles; NLC: nanostructured lipid carriers.