Urushiol is an antigen for CD1a-restricted T cells. (a,b) Concentration of IL-17A in supernatants from skin CD4+ T cells (n = 3) isolated on day 2 after urushiol challenge and stimulated by plate-bound CD1a loaded with natural urushiol (a), or various concentrations of synthetic urushiol C15:0, C15:1, C15:2, or C15:3 (b). (c) Ear swelling in wild-type (n = 4) and CD1a-tg mice (n = 7) sensitized and challenged with C15:2 urushiol, assessed on day 2 after challenge. (d) Concentration of IL-17A in supernatants from dLN CD4+ T cells (n = 4) isolated from CD1a-tg mice challenged with urushiol and cocultured with skin langerhans cells (LC) pulsed with C15:2 urushiol in the presence or absence of anti-CD1a antibody; ND, not detectable. Each symbol represents an individual mouse (c). Data shown are the mean ± s.e.m. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01; NS, not significant, using unpaired t-test. Data are representative of five (a), three (b), four (c), or two (d) independent experiments.