Figure 1.
Exogenous CRAMP promotes the recruitments of monocytes and neutrophils and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. (A) Synthetic CRAMP significantly suppressed the expression of TNF-α in LPS-stimulated Raw264.7 cells. (B) Intranasal administration with CRAMP induced immune cell accumulation in airway (majored by neutrophils and monocytes) and (C) promoted the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Statistical significance was analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Newman-keuls multiple comparisons test, ***p < 0.001, n = 4 (A), and by unpaired Student's t-test, ###p < 0.001, #p < 0.05, n = 4 (B and C).