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. 2018 Jan 30;20:18. doi: 10.1186/s13075-017-1505-8

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© The Author(s). 2018

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 5 — IL-9 induced differentiation of Th17 and other effector T cells. a Representative FACS plots show Th17 cell frequency in PBL (HC, OA, RA) and SF (OA and RA).b Cumulative scatter plot shows frequency of Th17 (CD4 + IL-17A+) in RA (PBL and SF, n = 26), OA (PBL and SF, n = 7), HC PBL (n = 12). c Cumulative bar graphs show IFN-γ + (p = 0.0001) and TNF-α + (p = 0.02), IL-17A+ (p = 0.04) CD4+ cells were significantly higher in the presence of rIL-9 or RA SF, blocking IL-9 abrogated the same (n = 6, one-way ANOVA analysis with Dunnett’s multiple comparison test is applied for statistical significance, *p < 0.05). HC healthy control, IL-9R interleukin 9 receptor, IFN-γ interferon gamma, OA osteoarthritis, RA rheumatoid arthritis, SF synovial fluid, Th T helper