Fig. 1.

Proportion of households with catastrophic health expenditure, by state’s level of development, India, 1993–2014

CI: confidence interval.

Notes: Percentages are weighted. Catastrophic health expenditure was defined as out-of-pocket payments on health in the recall period of 1 month equalling or exceeding 10% of total household expenditure. The 29 Indian states and seven union territories were classified as either less or more developed: the 18 less-developed states included the eight empowered action group states (i.e. Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Uttaranchal), the eight north-eastern states (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura) plus Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir.²⁵