Table 1. Out-of-pocket health-care payments, by household expenditure and age composition, health-care utilization surveys, India, 1995–2014.
| Variable | Household composition |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Households with no children or older peoplea | Households with children but no older peoplea | Households with older people but no childrena | Households with both children and older peoplea | Households with older people onlya | |
| 1995–1996 survey (n = 120 942) | |||||
| No. of households (%)b | 50 917 (48.0) | 42 564 (30.1) | 13 125 (11.4) | 12 305 (8.3) | 2031 (2.2) |
| Households with OOP, % (95% CI)b | 16.7 (16.2–17.3) | 21.5 (20.9–22.2) | 29.6 (28.2–30.9) | 33.9 (32.3–35.5) | 22.1 (19.4–24.8) |
| OOP, mean US$ (SD)c | |||||
| Poorest quintile | 2.6 (3.9) | 1.8 (4.0) | 2.6 (6.6) | 2.5 (8.8) | 6.0 (7.1) |
| Poor quintile | 2.9 (10.2) | 2.3 (4.7) | 2.6 (5.7) | 2.1 (3.8) | 6.7 (12.2) |
| Middle quintile | 3.7 (11.9) | 2.9 (7.6) | 3.7 (9.5) | 3.1 (12.4) | 8.3 (8.8) |
| Rich quintile | 4.1 (15.3) | 3.1 (6.9) | 3.8 (8.0) | 3.1 (6.8) | 14.7 (16.1) |
| Richest quintile | 7.7 (19.2) | 5.3 (12.3) | 7.4 (18.3) | 5.2 (9.5) | 26.5 (45.6) |
| All households | 4.8 (14.9) | 3.2 (7.9) | 4.5 (11.9) | 3.3 (8.8) | 11.7 (22.9) |
| 2004 survey (n = 73 868) | |||||
| No. of households (%)b | 25 340 (44.3) | 20 654 (28.8) | 16 990 (15.1) | 7 991 (8.7) | 2 893 (3.2) |
| Households with OOP, % (95% CI)b | 26.9 (26.1–27.7) | 51.1 (50.0–52.1) | 42.2 (41.1–43.2) | 64.5 (62.9–66.2) | 31.2 (29.0–33.4) |
| OOP, mean US$ (SD)c | |||||
| Poorest quintile | 2.9 (5.5) | 1.7 (3.5) | 3.4 (6.1) | 2.0 (4.1) | 7.1 (10.7) |
| Poor quintile | 3.8 (7.4) | 2.0 (3.8) | 4.4 (10.3) | 2.1 (3.4) | 9.2 (12.0) |
| Middle quintile | 4.0 (7.6) | 3.4 (14.9) | 4.4 (7.2) | 2.9 (4.6) | 9.8 (12.9) |
| Rich quintile | 5.5 (10.9) | 3.3 (6.2) | 5.6 (9.9) | 3.3 (5.2) | 17.1 (31.4) |
| Richest quintile | 8.0 (19.2) | 4.4 (8.8) | 9.6 (19.9) | 5.3 (8.7) | 31.9 (73.6) |
| All households | 5.2 (12.4) | 2.9 (8.8) | 6.0 (13.1) | 3.3 (5.8) | 15.5 (41.0) |
| 2014 survey (n = 65 932) | |||||
| No. of households (%)b | 24 139 (50.7) | 20 930 (22.0) | 10 648 (16.5) | 8 536 (7.4) | 1 679 (3.4) |
| Households with OOP, % (95% CI)b | 31.7 (30.6–32.8) | 53.1 (51.4–54.9) | 52.5 (50.3–54.6) | 66.9 (63.9–69.9) | 49.7 (45.1–54.3) |
| OOP, mean US$ (SD)c | |||||
| Poorest quintile | 5.4 (15.9) | 2.9 (5.3) | 6.0 (14.3) | 3.3 (7.8) | 9.7 (15.1) |
| Poor quintile | 4.7 (9.7) | 3.7 (6.3) | 5.0 (7.6) | 5.1 (9.7) | 11.6 (25.8) |
| Middle quintile | 5.7 (10.1) | 4.0 (6.5) | 6.8 (20.2) | 4.5 (6.8) | 21.8 (46.7) |
| Rich quintile | 6.6 (12.7) | 5.6 (11.6) | 7.7 (14.3) | 5.5 (9.0) | 21.4 (27.6) |
| Richest quintile | 12.1 (27.7) | 9.4 (15.9) | 14.8 (31.6) | 11.4 (18.3) | 38.3 (50.5) |
| All households | 7.0 (17.0) | 4.7 (9.4) | 8.7 (20.9) | 5.7 (11.0) | 21.6 (38.3) |
CI: confidence interval; OOP: out-of-pocket payments; SD: standard deviation; US$: United States dollar.
a Children were individuals younger than 5 years and older people were individuals aged 60 years or older.
b The percentages shown are weighted percentages, which make the estimates representative of the relevant population.
c Per capita out-of-pocket payments in the month before the survey and values are only for households that made out-of-pocket payments.