Table 3. Association between catastrophic health expenditure and demographic and socioeconomic variables, by multivariable analysis, India, 2011–2014.
| Variable | No. of households (%)a (n = 167 594) | No. of households with catastrophic health expenditure (%)a,b,c | Risk of catastrophic health expenditure, aOR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Survey | |||
| 2011–2012 CES | 101 662 (50.2) | 16 838 (18.2) | Reference |
| 2014 HUS | 65 932 (49.8) | 31 628 (24.9) | 1.54 (1.46–1.62) |
| Household age composition | |||
| No children or older peopled | 77 504 (51.6) | 16 116 (15.5) | Reference |
| With children but no older people | 40 030 (21.1) | 13 201 (23.8) | 1.76 (1.65–1.88) |
| With older people but no children | 28 857 (16.6) | 9 938 (27.7) | 1.93 (1.76–2.12) |
| With both children and older people | 16 458 (7.2) | 6 853 (33.9) | 2.58 (2.31–2.89) |
| Older people only | 4 745 (3.5) | 2 358 (41.7) | 3.26 (2.76–3.84) |
| Place of residence | |||
| Urban | 71 419 (31.9) | 20 810 (20.4) | Reference |
| Rural | 96 175 (68.1) | 27 656 (22.0) | 1.27 (1.20–1.35) |
| Sex of head of household | |||
| Male | 148 315 (88.0) | 42 212 (21.0) | Reference |
| Female | 19 279 (12.0) | 6 254 (25.0) | 1.32 (1.19–1.47) |
| Age of head of household | |||
| < 60 years | 133 488 (81.5) | 34 910 (19.0) | Reference |
| ≥ 60 years | 34 106 (18.5) | 13 556 (32.7) | 1.14 (1.04–1.26) |
| Marital status of head of householde | |||
| Other | 24 884 (15.8) | 7 339 (21.3) | Reference |
| Currently married | 142 708 (84.2) | 41 127 (21.5) | 1.34 (1.22–1.47) |
| Caste of householde,f | |||
| Scheduled caste or tribe | 48 766 (27.9) | 12 000 (19.2) | Reference |
| Not scheduled caste or tribe | 118 814 (72.1) | 36 465 (22.4) | 1.14 (1.07–1.21) |
| Education of head of householde | |||
| Literate | 118 788 (66.4) | 32 127 (20.9) | Reference |
| Illiterate | 41 707 (33.6) | 12 953 (22.6) | 1.07 (1.01–1.14) |
| Household's occupatione | |||
| Regular wage or salary | 42 795 (19.5) | 11 075 (19.4) | Reference |
| Self-employed | 79 345 (46.2) | 22 990 (21.5) | 1.04 (0.97–1.12) |
| Casual labour | 33 287 (26.9) | 9 914 (21.0) | 1.17 (1.07–1.27) |
| Other | 12 140 (7.4) | 4 482 (29.1) | 1.22 (1.09–1.37) |
| Wealth quintilee,g | |||
| Poorest | 24 813 (20.2) | 6 639 (18.8) | Reference |
| Poor | 28 871 (19.9) | 7 824 (19.7) | 1.09 (1.00–1.19) |
| Middle | 33 274 (20.0) | 9 093 (21.5) | 1.27 (1.17–1.39) |
| Rich | 37 957 (20.0) | 11 051 (23.0) | 1.44 (1.32–1.57) |
| Richest | 42 669 (20.0) | 13 859 (24.6) | 1.82 (1.66–2.00) |
| State’s level of development | |||
| Less developed | 86 652 (46.0) | 21 359 (19.1) | Reference |
| More developed | 80 942 (54.0) | 27 107 (23.6) | 1.28 (1.21–1.35) |
CES: consumer expenditure survey; CI: confidence interval; HUS: health-care utilization survey; OOP: out-of-pocket payments; aOR: adjusted odds ratio.
a The percentages shown are weighted percentages, which make the estimates representative of the relevant population.
b Catastrophic health expenditure was defined as OOP payments on health in the recall period of 1 month equalling or exceeding 10% of total household expenditure.
c The percentage listed is the percentage of the total number of households in the category.
d Children were individuals younger than 5 years and older people were individuals aged 60 years or more.
e Data were missing on marital status for 2 households, on caste for 14, on the education of the head of the household for 7099, on the household’s occupation for 27 and on monthly per capita consumption expenditure for 10.
f The community was stratified socially into four groups according to caste: scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, other backward castes and other castes. Scheduled castes and tribes are officially designated as disadvantaged groups in India.
g The wealth quintiles were calculated in the following way: household’s total monthly consumption expenditure was adjusted for household size and composition to calculate the per capita household consumption expenditure in a month. This was then divided into quintiles and used as a measure of economic status of the household.
Note: Inconsistencies arise in some values due to rounding.