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. 2017 Jul 20;123(5):1110–1117. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01109.2016

Table 1.

Cardiopulmonary parameters across all study phases

HDT
 HDT+nITP
 HDT+COPD Model
Parameter Baseline Condition Δ BL Condition Δ BL Δ HDT Condition Δ BL Δ HDT
RR, bpm 14.5 ± 1.8 14.7 ± 1.9 0.2 ± 2.1 9.3 ± 2.6 −5.2 ± 2.9*† −5.3 ± 3.2* 14.1 ± 0.9 −0.4 ± 2.2† 0.6 ± 2.1
VT, l 0.59 ± 0.25 0.55 ± 0.08 −0.05 ± 0.22 0.96 ± 0.39 0.35 ± 0.46*† 0.40 ± 0.39* 0.56 ± 0.10 0.03 ± 0.26† 0.01 ± 0.14
VE, l/min 8.5 ± 3.7 8.0 ± 1.2 −0.6 ± 3.3 7.9 ± 1.4 −0.6 ± 3.9 −0.02 ± 1.12 7.8 ± 1.4 −0.7 ± 1.7 −0.11 ± 1.98
TI, s 1.6 ± 0.4 1.7 ± 0.4 0.1 ± 0.3 4.7 ± 1.8 3.0 ± 1.8*† 2.9 ± 1.9* 2.3 ± 0.2 0.7 ± 0.4*† 0.6 ± 0.4*
TE, s 2.4 ± 0.4 2.4 ± 0.4 0.0 ± 0.4 2.4 ± 1.0 0.0 ± 1.1 0.0 ± 1.1 1.8 ± 0.1 −0.7 ± 0.4*† −0.6 ± 0.4*
TI/TTOT 0.41 ± 0.07 0.42 ± 0.05 0.09 ± 0.05 0.66 ± 0.07 0.25 ± 0.09*† 0.24 ± 0.09* 0.56 ± 0.03 0.17 ± 0.07*† 0.15 ± 0.06*
Pes.insp, cmH2O −3.5 ± 1.7 −3.5 ± 2.4 0.0 ± 1.5 −22.8 ± 2.2 −19.3 ± 2.4*† −19.3 ± 2.7* −24.0 ± 3.6 −20.5 ± 3.8* −20.5 ± 4.0*
Pes.exp, cmH2O 1.9 ± 1.6 2.1 ± 1.8 0.2 ± 1.5 4.1 ± 2.0 2.2 ± 2.0* 2.0 ± 2.6 7.3 ± 6.3 5.4 ± 6.5* 5.2 ± 6.2*
IC, l 2.65 ± 0.71 — — — — — 0.66 ± 0.21 −1.89 ± 0.81* —
LVEDV, ml 115 ± 21 125 ± 27 10 ± 8.0* 107 ± 20 −7 ± 10*† −15 ± 13* 96 ± 22 −19 ± 13*† −30 ± 13*
LVESV, ml 48 ± 10 50 ± 10 2 ± 4 47 ± 9 1 ± 5 −2 ± 6 42 ± 12 −5 ± 9*† −8 ± 9*
LVEF, % 59 ± 2 60 ± 3 1 ± 3 55 ± 3 −4 ± 4*† −5 ± 5* 57 ± 5 −3 ± 5 −4 ± 6*
SV, ml 68 ± 12 75 ± 17 7 ± 7* 59 ± 12 −8 ± 7*† −14 ± 10* 54 ± 12 −15 ± 8*† −22 ± 10*
Q, l/min 3.9 ± 0.5 4.4 ± 1.0 0.5 ± 0.6* 3.7 ± 0.7 −0.2 ± 0.5† −0.56 ± 0.56* 3.7 ± 0.8 −0.2 ± 0.9 −0.64 ± 0.92*
HR, bpm 59 ± 12 60 ± 12 0 ± 4 64 ± 13 4 ± 7* 4 ± 6 70 ± 10 12 ± 10*† 11 ± 9*
MAP, mmHg 76 ± 8 76 ± 8 0 ± 8 76 ± 9 0 ± 8 0 ± 4 86 ± 9 10 ± 11*† 10 ± 8*
SpO2, % 99 ± 1 99 ± 1 0 ± 1 99 ± 1 0 ± 1 0 ± 2 80 ± 5 −21 ± 6*† −21 ± 6*
RSC-ED, cm 3.2 ± 0.9 4.2 ± 1.4 0.9 ± 1.3 6.1 ± 2.9 2.8 ± 2.5*† 2.2 ± 2.3* 7.8 ± 3.2 4.3 ± 3.2* 0.7 ± 2.3*
RSC-ES, cm 1.9 ± 0.5 2.2 ± 1.0 0.3 ± 1.0 3.4 ± 2.9 1.5 ± 2.7*† 1.2 ± 2.7* 4.6 ± 3.7 2.5 ± 3.5* 0.8 ± 1.4*
RFWC-ED, cm 2.5 ± 0.2 2.7 ± 0.4 0.2 ± 0.3* 2.8 ± 0.3 0.3 ± 0.2* 0.1 ± 0.3 2.7 ± 0.4 0.1 ± 0.3 −0.2 ± 0.4
RFWC-ES, cm 1.6 ± 0.3 1.6 ± 0.3 0.0 ± 0.2 1.7 ± 0.3 1.7 ± 0.3 0.1 ± 0.2 1.6 ± 0.3 0.0 ± 0.4 −0.1 ± 0.4

Data presented as means ± SD; Δ BL = change from baseline; Δ HDT = change from volume-loaded state (HDT alone); n = 20, except for echocardiographic volume measurements n = 18, n = 17, and n = 16 for LV geometry; n = 20, n = 18, and n = 11 in HDT, HDT+nITP, and HDT+COPD model, respectively. RR, respiratory rate; VT, tidal volume; TI, inspiratory time; TE, expiratory time; TI/TTOT, ratio of inspiratory time to total respiratory cycle time; Pes.insp, mean inspiratory esophageal pressure; Pes.exp, mean expiratory esophageal pressure; IC, inspiratory capacity; LVEDV, left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LVESV, left ventricular end-systolic volume; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; SV, stroke volume; Q, cardiac output; HR, heart rate; MAP, mean arterial pressure; SpO2, oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry.

*

Significant difference from baseline (Δ BL or Δ HDT, P < 0.05);

†

significant difference from the previous phase (P < 0.05).