Table 4. Factors related to 1-month survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to suffocation.
| One-month survival | Crude OR | Adjusted ORb | Adjusted ORc | |||||
| N | n (%) | OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | |
| Cause of suffocation | ||||||||
| Rice cake-related | 314 | 54 (17.2%) | 1.34 (0.98–1.83) | 0.066 | 1.26 (0.90–1.77) | 0.183 | ||
| Non-rice cake-related | 2,980 | 400 (13.4%) | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Age, 1-year increments | — | 0.99 (0.98–0.99) | <0.001 | 0.98 (0.97–0.99) | <0.001 | 0.98 (0.97–0.98) | <0.001 | |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Male | 1,656 | 238 (14.4%) | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Female | 1,638 | 216 (13.2%) | 0.91 (0.74–1.10) | 0.324 | 1.13 (0.91–1.40) | 0.280 | ||
| Location of arrests | ||||||||
| Home | 1,956 | 273 (14.0%) | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Nursing home | 1,039 | 121 (11.6%) | 0.81 (0.65–1.02) | 0.075 | 0.94 (0.71–1.24) | 0.651 | ||
| Other | 299 | 60 (20.1%) | 1.55 (1.13–2.11) | 0.006 | 1.37 (0.97–1.94) | 0.072 | ||
| Good activities of daily living before arrest | ||||||||
| Good | 1,372 | 198 (14.4%) | 1.10 (0.90–1.33) | 0.361 | 1.04 (0.83–1.32) | 0.709 | ||
| Disability | 1,922 | 256 (13.3%) | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Witnessed by bystanders | ||||||||
| No | 1,064 | 51 (4.8%) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Yes | 2,230 | 403 (18.1%) | 4.35 (3.23–5.88) | <0.001 | 5.26 (3.85–7.14) | <0.001 | 5.13 (3.76–7.01) | <0.001 |
| First documented rhythma | ||||||||
| Non-VF | 3,231 | 453 (14.0%) | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | |||
| VF | 63 | 1 (1.6%) | ||||||
| Shock by a public-access AEDa | ||||||||
| No | 3,285 | 453 (13.8%) | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | |||
| Yes | 9 | 1 (11.1%) | ||||||
| Dispatcher instruction | ||||||||
| No | 1,630 | 245 (15.0%) | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Yes | 1,664 | 209 (12.6%) | 0.62 (0.50–0.78) | <0.001 | 1.06 (0.85–1.33) | 0.577 | ||
| Bystander-initiated CPR | ||||||||
| No CPR | 1,698 | 268 (15.8%) | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Compression-only CPR | 965 | 108 (11.2%) | 0.67 (0.53–0.85) | 0.001 | 0.78 (0.59–1.03) | 0.082 | ||
| Conventional CPR with rescue breathing | 631 | 78 (12.4%) | 0.75 (0.57–0.99) | 0.040 | 0.95 (0.69–1.30) | 0.727 | ||
| Intravenous fluid | ||||||||
| No | 2,602 | 325 (12.5%) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Yes | 692 | 129 (18.6%) | 1.61 (1.28–2.01) | <0.001 | 1.76 (1.26–2.46) | 0.001 | 1.56 (1.24–1.97) | <0.001 |
| Epinephrine | ||||||||
| No | 2,866 | 371 (12.9%) | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Yes | 428 | 83 (19.4%) | 1.62 (1.24–2.11) | <0.001 | 0.90 (0.61–1.34) | 0.603 | ||
| Advanced airway management | ||||||||
| No | 1,135 | 159 (14.0%) | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Yes | 2,160 | 295 (13.7%) | 0.97 (0.79–1.19) | 0.774 | 0.81 (0.65–1.02) | 0.069 | ||
| EMS response time (call to contact with a patient) (one minute increment) | — | 0.88 (0.85–0.92) | <0.001 | 0.88 (0.84–0.92) | <0.001 | 0.88 (0.84–0.92) | <0.001 | |
| Year | — | 1.01 (0.97–1.05) | 0.674 | 1.02 (0.97–1.07) | 0.524 | |||
AED, automated external defibrillator; CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; EMS, emergency medical service; IQR, interquartile range.
aThese variables were not included in the logistic regression analyses as the number was too small.
bThe explanatory variables included all variables listed above.
cAge, Witnessed by bystanders, Intravenous fluid, and EMS response time were selected as explanatory variables by a stepwise forward selection method.