Table I.
Patient characteristics
| Patients/samples | Total, no. | 116/189 |
| Male | 58 (50.0) | |
| Age at transplant (y) | 52 (35, 61) | |
| Sampling time point (days posttransplantation) | 339 (92, 376) | |
| Type of transplant | Bilateral lung | 101 (87.0) |
| Single lung | 15 (12.9) | |
| Pretransplantation diagnosis | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 38 (32.8) |
| Cystic fibrosis | 31 (26.7) | |
| Interstitial lung disease | 24 (20.7) | |
| Graft failure (retransplantation) | 5 (4.3) | |
| Other | 18 (15.5) | |
| Transbronchial biopsies∗† | 167 (88.4) | |
| A0 | 128 (76.6) | |
| A1 | 21 (12.6) | |
| A2 | 5 (3.0) | |
| B0 | 105 (62.9) | |
| B1 | 19 (11.4) | |
| B2 | 1 (0.6) | |
| Immunosuppression∗ | Tacrolimus | 176 (93.1) |
| Cyclosporin | 13 (6.9) | |
| Antibiotics∗ | TMP/SMX | 143 (75.7) |
| Azithromycin | 25 (13.2) | |
| Other (inhaled, oral, or intravenous routes) | 54 (28.6) | |
| BAL positive bacterial culture (excludes oropharyngeal flora)∗ | Staphylococcus aureus (n = 10), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 10), S epidermidis (n = 5), Corynebacterium sp (n = 4), Enterococcus sp (n = 3), Streptococcus sp (n = 1), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 1), Haemophilus influenzae (n = 1), Escherichia coli (n = 1), Enterobacter sp (n = 1) | 32 (16.9) |
| BAL positive fungal culture∗ | Aspergillus sp (n = 4), Penicillium sp (n = 3), Candida sp (n = 4) | 13 (6.9) |
| BAL positive viral PCR∗‡ | CMV (n = 11), EBV (n = 2), metapneumovirus (n = 1), parainfluenza (n = 1) | 14 (13.2) |
Data presented as n (% of group) or median (IQR) unless otherwise indicated.
CMV, Cytomegalovirus; TMP/SMX, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.
∗
At sampling.
†
Grading of pulmonary allograft rejection according to guidelines of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation.9
‡
Conducted in a subset (n = 106) of samples. Virological investigations ranged from CMV only to more extensive testing, as per case requirement.