Table.
Prospective relation of a unit increase in cotinine level with physical performance indicators in non-smokers in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing
| Wave 1 (2002/3) | Wave 2 (2004/5) | Wave 3 (2006/7) | Wave 4 (2008/9) | Wave 5 (2010/1) | Wave 6 (2012/3) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gait speed (m/s) | ||||||
| Analytical sample | 2478 | 2120 | 1850 | 1547 | 1368 | 1148 |
| Beta coefficients | −0.013 (−0.021; −0.006) | −0.018 (−0.026; −0.009) | −0.018 (−0.026; −0.009) | −0.009 (−0.018; −0.001) | −0.013 (−0.024; −0.003) | −0.001 (−0.021; 0.001) |
| Grip strength (kg) | ||||||
| Analytical sample | 3352 | 2377 | 2024 | |||
| Beta coefficients | −0.340 (−0.521; −0.158) | −0.301 (−0.531; −0.071) | −0.221 (−0.471; 0.028) | |||
| Chair rises (failure) | ||||||
| Analytical sample | 3046 | 2014 | 1753 | |||
| Odds ratios | 1.0 (0.9; 1.2) | 1.2 (1.1; 1.4) | 1.2 (0.9; 1.4) | |||
| Balance (failure) | ||||||
| Analytical sample | 3301 | 2320 | 1969 | |||
| Odds ratios | 1.1 (1.0; 1.2) | 1.1 (1.0; 1.2) | 1.0 (0.9; 1.1) |
Effect estimates are adjusted for age, gender, social class, limiting longstanding illness, alcohol intake, and body mass index. Covariates were collected at baseline examination in the Health Survey for England. The relation of cotinine level with gait speed and grip strength was estimated using linear regression; the relation of cotinine level with the balance test and chair rises was summarised using logistic regression.