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. 2018 Jan 31;8:2019. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-19860-7

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Comparison of the predictive functions of bacterial communities using 16S rRNA marker gene sequences. (a) PCA representing changes in the total gene family at the KEGG level 3 of bacterial communities, according to the honey bee social roles. (b) Comparison of the profiles of differentially enriched genes between the nurse bee and foraging bee. The threshold of the LDA score was 3.0. NEB, newly-emerged bee; 12-h, 12-h-old bee; NB, nurse bee; FB, foraging bee. P-values are carried out with unpaired t-test with Welch’s correction. Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences between the pairs of values (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, and ****P < 0.0001).