Fig. 6.

Electrochemical performance of Li metal anodes. a Comparison of cycling performances (Coulombic efficiency) of the P-Cu- and E-Cu-based Li metal anodes at 0.5 mA cm⁻² with varied amounts of plating/stripping Li metal. b Voltage-time profiles and c average voltage hysteresis of Li metal anodes in Cu@Li//Li systems based on E-Cu and P-Cu with a plating/stripping capacity of 0.5 mA h cm⁻² at 0.2 mA cm⁻². In this case, 2 mA h cm⁻² of Li was plated at 0.2 mA cm⁻² in two current collectors. d Cycling performances of the Cu@Li//LiFePO₄ battery systems using Li metal anodes with E-Cu and P-Cu at 1C