Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of patients with/without AKI and advanced AKI.
| All | No AKI | Any AKI | p value | No AKI or stage 1 AKI | Stage 2 or 3 AKI | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 151) | (n = 100) | (n = 51) | (n = 129) | (n = 22) | |||
| Patient characteristics | |||||||
| Age | 63.01 ± 13.59 | 62.16 ± 13.84 | 64.67 ± 13.06 | 0.285 | 62.66 ± 14.01 | 65.05 ± 13.17 | 0.448 |
| Gender (male) | 101 (66.9%) | 65 (65.0%) | 36 (70.6%) | 0.490 | 89 (69.0%) | 12 (54.5%) | 0.183 |
| BMI | 24.91 ± 3.70 | 24.72 ± 3.51 | 25.29 ± 4.05 | 0.371 | 24.83 ± 3.52 | 25.35 ± 4.71 | 0.543 |
| Comorbidities | |||||||
| Hypertension | 86 (54.1%) | 52 (52.0%) | 29 (56.9%) | 0.571 | 68 (52.7%) | 13 (59.1%) | 0.579 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 36 (22.6%) | 23 (23.0%) | 12 (23.5%) | 0.942 | 29 (22.5%) | 6 (27.3%) | 0.622 |
| COPD | 4 (2.5%) | 2 (2.0%) | 2 (3.9%) | 0.487 | 3 (2.3%) | 1 (4.5%) | 0.549 |
| Liver cirrhosis | 8 (5.0%) | 4 (4.0%) | 1 (2.0%) | 0.508 | 4 (3.1%) | 1 (4.5%) | 0.726 |
| Congestive heart failure | 20 (12.6%) | 15 (15.0%) | 4 (7.8%) | 0.210 | 16 (12.4%) | 3 (13.6%) | 0.872 |
| Malignancy | 9 (5.7%) | 5 (5.0%) | 3 (5.9%) | 0.819 | 7 (5.4%) | 1 (4.5%) | 0.865 |
| Laboratory data at admission | |||||||
| Pre-operative creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.18 ± 0.35 | 1.10 ± 0.28 | 1.34 ± 0.42 | <0.001* | 1.15 ± 0.32 | 1.37 ± 0.47 | 0.041* |
| eGFR (MDRD) (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 63.04 ± 21.45 | 66.46 ± 19.77 | 56.34 ± 23.17 | 0.006* | 64.59 ± 20.96 | 53.96 ± 22.53 | 0.031* |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 12.79 ± 1.86 | 13.06 ± 1.78 | 12.24 ± 1.91 | 0.010* | 12.92 ± 1.80 | 12.01 ± 2.08 | 0.035* |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 4.15 ± 0.72 | 4.27 ± 0.64 | 3.92 ± 0.82 | 0.009* | 4.26 ± 0.61 | 3.51 ± 0.97 | 0.002* |
| LVEF <55% | 36 (22.6%) | 20 (20.0%) | 14 (27.5%) | 0.300 | 26 (20.2%) | 8 (36.4%) | 0.093 |
| SOFA score | 6.47 ± 3.08 | 5.57 ± 2.51 | 8.26 ± 3.34 | <0.001* | 6.05 ± 2.74 | 9.00 ± 3.86 | 0.003* |
| Cleveland score | 3.61 ± 1.61 | 3.43 ± 1.48 | 3.94 ± 1.79 | 0.069 | 3.46 ± 1.45 | 4.45 ± 2.15 | 0.048* |
| Perioperative condition | |||||||
| Inotropic equivalents | 5.63 ± 6.96 | 4.10 ± 4.56 | 8.60 ± 9.48 | 0.002* | 4.49 ± 4.79 | 12.26 ± 12.27 | 0.008* |
| Presence of CPB | 97 (61.0%) | 54 (54.0%) | 37 (72.5%) | 0.028* | 77 (59.7%) | 14 (63.6%) | 0.727 |
| CPB time (min) | 101.66 ± 138.17 | 78.69 ± 99.43 | 146.69 ± 185.94 | 0.017* | 91.72 ± 101.52 | 159.91 ± 261.02 | 0.239 |
| Presence of Crossclamp | 75 (47.2%) | 45 (45.0%) | 26 (51.0%) | 0.486 | 61 (47.3%) | 10 (45.5%) | 0.874 |
| Clamp time (min) | 52.31 ± 65.73 | 47.14 ± 66.43 | 62.45 ± 63.77 | 0.177 | 52.17 ± 65.99 | 53.14 ± 65.71 | 0.949 |
| Operative method and postoperative condition | |||||||
| CABG | 82 (51.6%) | 54 (54.0%) | 24 (47.1%) | 0.420 | 69 (53.5%) | 9 (40.9%) | 0.275 |
| Valve | 63 (39.6%) | 38 (38.0%) | 23 (45.1%) | 0.401 | 51 (39.5%) | 10 (45.5%) | 0.601 |
| Aorta | 23 (14.5%) | 11 (11.0%) | 11 (21.6%) | 0.082 | 17 (13.2%) | 5 (22.7%) | 0.241 |
| length of admission (days) | 21.08 ± 17.25 | 17.90 ± 12.25 | 27.44 ± 23.23 | 0.008* | 19.61 ± 16.26 | 30.10 ± 20.65 | 0.036* |
| length of ICU admission (days) | 4.53 ± 6.10 | 3.02 ± 1.68 | 7.56 ± 9.67 | 0.002* | 3.82 ± 5.56 | 8.90 ± 7.48 | 0.007* |
| Mortality | 19 (11.9%) | 2 (2.0%) | 15 (29.4%) | <0.001* | 8 (6.2%) | 9 (40.9%) | <0.001* |
*p < 0.05.
Abbreviations: AKI, acute kidney injury; BMI, body mass index; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; COPD, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CPB, Cardiopulmonary bypass; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ICU, intensive care unit; LVEF, Left ventricular ejection fraction; MDRD, The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation; SOFA score, The Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score.