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. 2018 Jan 31;8:1993. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-19554-0

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Bayesian phylogenetic tree (A) and median-joining network (B) of the global sample of Plasmodium falciparum mitochondrial lineages (n = 1795). Circle sizes in B are proportional to haplotype frequencies, and pairs of haplotypes connected by a straight line differ by a single mutational step. The following color code was used to identify the geographic origin of parasites: red = Africa, dark blue = South America, light blue = Central America, orange = South Asia, green = Southeast Asia, and pink = Melanesia. Branches with posterior probabilities >0.70 are indicated by black circles in the phylogenetic tree; selected well-supported clades indicated in the figure (Ame1, Ame2, Global1, and Global2) are further discussed in the main text.