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. 2018 Jan 31;8:1993. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-19554-0

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Magnitude and directionality of historical gene flow between regional populations of Plasmodium falciparum (A) and P. vivax (B and C). Estimates of median mutation-scaled pairwise migration rates obtained with the best-supported migration model for each species are shown next to the arrows. Migration models tested are described in Supplementary Fig. 13 and compared in Supplementary Tables 14 and 15; the major difference between the models shown in B and C is that the former assumes an out-of-Africa spread of P. vivax, whereas the latter assumes a Southeast Asian origin of this parasite. The geographic origins of mitochondrial lineages are indicated on the map at the country level using the same color code as those of Fig. 1 (for P. falciparum) and Fig. 2 (for P. vivax) to represent geographic regions. Maps were built using the open-access R software library rworldmap: mapping global data combined with the ggplot2 library, which are both available at http://www.R-project.org/ (R Core Team, R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing.Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2017).