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. 2018 Jan 31;8:1939. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-20445-7

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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3D organotypic culture of human lung fibroblasts (HLFs). (A) Confocal image of fluorochrome-stained live cells and nuclei (magnification = ×40). (B) Confocal image of fluorochrome-stained live cells and the nucleus (magnification = ×20). (C) High magnification of the confocal image of a single HLF (magnification = ×40, zoom in factor = 2.5). (D) High magnification of the confocal image of a fluorochrome-stained single HLF (magnification = ×40, zoom in factor = 2.5). (E) High magnification of the confocal image of a fibrin-based scaffold (magnification = ×40, zoom in factor = 2.5). (F) Merged confocal image of a fibrin matrix covered by HLFs (magnification = ×40, zoom in factor = 2.5). Cell viability of 3D-cultured HLFs by stimulation of (G) control, serum, nanoscale PM2.5 (20 μg/ml), nanoscale PM2.5 (20 μg/ml)-protein corona (PC), and TGF-β1(2 ng/ml); (H) control and nanoscale PM2.5 (5, 10 and 20 μg/ml)-protein corona; (I) control and nanoscale PM2.5-protein corona/V_C (vitamin C-0.1 mg/ml, nanoscale PM2.5–20 μg/ml); and nanoscale PM2.5 (20 μg/ml)-protein corona and TGF-β1 (2 ng/ml) (**P < 0.01, compared with the control).