Table 1.
Case identification (screening) instruments for depression and anxiety.
| Screening instruments for depression and anxiety | Construct | Number of items | Scoring | Published cut points | Possible range of values |
| Patient Health Questionnaire—brief (PHQ-2) [63] (based on the first 2 questions in this scale) | Depression (presence of) | 2 | Items scored 0-3, summed |
3 | 0-6 |
| Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) [62] | Depression (presence of) | 9 | Items scored 0-3, summed | 10 | 0-27 |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item Scale [64] | Anxiety, generalized (severity of) | 7 | Items scored 0-5, summed | 10 | 0-21 |
| Overall Anxiety and Severity Impairment Scale [65] | Anxiety (severity of) | 5 | Items scored 0-4, summed | 8 | 0-20 |
| Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [66] | Depression (severity of), anxiety (severity of) | 14 (7 for anxiety, 7 for depression) | Items scored 0-3, summed | 8, 11 | 0-21 |
| Kessler-6 Distress Scale [67] | Nonspecific distress | 6 | Items scored 1-5, summed | 19 | 6-30 (alternative scoring) |
| National Institutes of Health Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System—emotional distress depression—Short Form 8a [68] | Depression (severity of) | 8 | Items scored, summed, and then converted to T score | T-score 60 | 8-40, T score 38.2-81.3 |
| National Institutes of Health Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System—emotional distress anxiety—Short Form 8a [68] | Anxiety (severity of) | 8 | Items scored, summed, and then converted to T score | T score 60 | 8-40, T score 37.1-83.1 |