Table 1.
Characteristics of the pre-diabetic participants at baseline and after one year of intervention (n = 309).
| Variables | Baseline | 1 Year | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 61.4 ± 4.5 | - | - |
| Males % (No.) | 57.9 (179) | - | - |
| Weight (kg) | 94.6 ± 16.9 | 85.4 ± 15.9 | <0.001 |
| Energy intake (kJ/day) a | 8616 ± 2169 | 7154 ± 1994 | <0.0001 |
| Protein intake (g/day) a | 90.6 ± 22.9 | 85.3 ± 27.9 | 0.005 |
| Protein intake (g/kg body weight/day) a | 0.98 ± 0.3 | 1.03 ± 0.4 | 0.04 |
| Protein intake (E%) | 18.3 ± 3.4 | 20.7 ± 4.3 | <0.0001 |
| Calculated protein intake (g/day (urea excretion) | 105.8 ± 35.7 | 109.6 ± 40.0 | 0.114 |
| Calculated protein intake (g/kg body weight/day (urea excretion) | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.5 | <0.0001 |
| FPG mmol/L b | 6.2 ± 0.58 | 6.0 ± 0.54 | <0.0001 |
| 2h-glucose mmol/L c | 8.2 ± 2.25 | 6.8 ± 1.76 | <0.0001 |
| Body-mass index (kg/m2) | 33.2 ± 4.6 | 30.0 ± 4.5 | <0.001 |
| Fat Free Mass (kg) d | 54.6 ± 11.5 | 53.8 ± 11.1 | <0.001 |
| Fat Mass (kg) d | 38.8 ± 11.4 | 31.8 ± 11.7 | <0.001 |
| Moderate and vigorous physical activity (CPM) e | 23.8 (38.2, 12.3) | 28.1 (46.8, 15.5) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 134.1 ± 15.8 | 129.8 ± 14.9 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 78.2 ± 11.7 | 75.9 ± 10.3 | <0.001 |
| Renal characteristics | |||
| Total urine volume (mL) f | 1972 ± 737.8 | 2233 ± 804.2 | <0.001 |
| U-Urea excretion (mmol/day) | 424.1 ± 162.4 | 441.4 ± 183.6 | 0.114 |
| Creatinine clearance (mL/min) | 114.1 ± 38.4 | 108.7 ± 49.9 | 0.034 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 76.3 ± 13.5 | 77.1 ± 13.3 | 0.258 |
| U-Creatinine excretion (mmol/day) | 13.2 ± 5.3 | 12.3 ± 5.7 | 0.009 |
| Urea/Creatinine Ratio (UCR) | 0.69 ± 1.43 | 0.74 ± 1.43 | <0.0001 |
| S-Creatinine (µmol/L) | 82.8 ± 16.5 | 81.7 ± 15.6 | 0.09 |
| S-Urea (mmol/L) | 5.6 ± 1.4 | 5.9 ± 1.4 | <0.001 |
| U-Albumin (mg/day) g | 12.5 (21.4, 8.4) | 9.5 (18.1, 7.7) | 0.469 |
| Albumin/Creatinine Ratio (ACR) | 0.8 (1.1, 0.5) | 0.9 (1.3, 0.7) | 0.339 |
Characteristics are shown as mean ± standard deviation or median and interquartile range in brackets. Abbreviations: CPM: counts per minute; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; 2h-glucose: 2 h plasma glucose; IQR: interquartile range; S-Creatinine: serum creatinine; S-Urea: serum urea; U-Albumin: urine albumin; U-Creatinine excretion: urinary creatinine excretion; U-Urea excretion: urinary urea excretion. a: n = 242; b: 1 year (n = 246); c: baseline (n = 306); 1 year (n = 242); d: n = 298; e: n = 257; f: n = 300; g: 16% have a value >1 (baseline); 13% have a value >1 (1-year).