Table 1.
Characteristics of studies.
| Study | SD | Condition or Cohort Name | N | Age | Intervention | Control | Duration of Intervention | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mediterranean Diet | ||||||||
| Tuttle et al., 2008 [22] | RCT | Patients after a first myocardial infarction | 201 | Mediterranean diet: 58 ± 10 Low-fat diet: 58 ± 9 Usual diet: 57 ± 10 |
Mediterranean diet or Low-fat diet |
Usual diet | 2 years |
HF development: Control: 3 patients Intervention: 0 patients (p < 0.25) Outcome-free survival: Control: 61 patients Intervention: 85 patients OR: 0.28 (95% 0.13 to 0.63, p < 0.002) |
| Papadaki et al., 2017 [23] | RCT | High risk of cardiovascular disease | 7403 | TMD + VOO: 67.0 ± 6.2 TMD + nuts: 66.7 ± 6.1 Low-fat: 67.3 ± 6.3 |
TMD + VOO or TMD + nuts |
Low-fat | 4.8 years |
HF development: TMD + VOO: 29 patients TMD + nuts: 33 patients Low-fat: 32 patients TMD + VOO vs. control: HR 0.68 (CI 95% 0.41–1.13) TMD + nuts vs. control: HR 0.92 (CI 95% 0.56−1.49) |
| Fitó et al., 2014 [24] | RCT | High risk of cardiovascular disease | 930 | TMD + VOO: 66.4 ± 5.7 TMD + nuts: 66.2 ± 6.0 Low-fat: 67.6 ± 6.1 |
TMD + VOO or TMD + nuts |
Low-fat | 1 year |
NT-proBNP (pg/mL) TMD + VOO vs. control: −70.3 (−133, −7.37) p = 0.029 TMD + nuts vs. control: −84.7 (−145, −24.5) p = 0.006 LDL (mg/dL) TMD + VOO vs. control: −8.27 (−13.9, −2.6) p = 0.004 TMD + nuts vs. control: −4.20 (−9.82, −1.42) p = 0.145 Lipoprotein (a) (mg/dL) TMD + VOO vs. control: −4.17 (−8.12, −0.23) p = 0.038 TMD + nuts vs. control: −2.62 (−6.36, −1.13) p = 0.170 |
| Lorgeril et al., 1999 [25] | RCT | Patients after a first myocardial infarction | 423 | NR | Mediterranean diet | Prudent Western-type diet | 4 years |
HF development: Control: 11 patients Intervention: 6 patients Composite Outcomes(CO1:cardiac deaths and nonfatal AMI): Control: 44 patients Intervention: 14 patients (p = 0.0001) Composite Outcomes (CO2: CO1 + HF, Stroke, unstable angina, pulmonary embolism or peripheral embolism): Control: 90 patients Intervention: 27 patients (p = 0.0001) |
| Wirth et al., 2016 [26] | Cohort | European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam | 24,008 | 35 to 65 | Mediterranean diet | NA | 8.2 years |
HF development: 209 patients Q1 (0–2 points): 1 Q2 (3–4 points): 1.00 (0.70–1.43) Q3 (5–7 points): 0.66 (0.41–1.08) |
| Chrysohoou et al., 2010 [27] | Cohort | Patients after an acute coronary event | 1000 | EF < 40%: Male: 64 ± 14 Famale: 71 ± 12 EF ≥ 40%: Male: 62 ± 12 Famale: 67 ± 12 |
Mediterranean diet | NA | 2 years |
Left ventricular systolic dysfunction: OR 0.93 (0.88–0.99) Ventricular remodeling: OR 0.90 (0.78–1.03) Re-current events ACS: OR 0.88 (0.80–0.98) |
| Tektonidis et al., 2015 [28] | Cohort | Swedish mammography cohort | 32,921 | 48 to 83 | Mediterranean diet | NA | 10 years |
HF development: Total: 1648 patients Q4: 244 patients RR 0.79 (0.68–0.93, p = 0.001) |
| Tektonidis et al., 2016 [29] | Cohort | Cohort of Swedish men | 37,308 | 45 to79 | Mediterranean diet | NA | 11 years |
HF development: Total: 1269 patients Q4: 169 patients RR 0.69 (0.57–0.83, p < 0.001) HF mortality Total: 146 Q4: 16 patients RR 0.55 (0.31–0.98, p = 0.007) |
| DASH Diet | ||||||||
| Del Gobbo et al., 2015 [30] | Cohort | Cardiovascular health study of elderly patients with and without CVD | 4490 | Q1: 72.2 ± 5.3 Q5: 72.0 ± 5.1 |
DASH | NA | 21 years |
HF development: Total: 1380 patients Q5: 235 patients RR 1.05 (0.88–1.26, p = 0.36) |
| Levitan et al., 2009a [31] | Cohort | Swedish mammography cohort | 36,019 | 48–83 | DASH | NA | 7 years |
HF development: Total: 443 patients Q4: 89 patients RR 0.63 (0.48–0.81, p < 0.001) |
| Levitan et al., 2009b [32] | Cohort | Cohort of Swedish men | 38,987 | 45 to 79 | DASH | NA | 9 years |
HF development: Total: 807 patients Q4: 192 patients RR 0.78 (0.65–0.95, p = 0.006) |
| Nguyen et al., 2012 [33] | Cross-sectional | Multi-ethnic group free of clinical cardiovascular disease (CVD) | 4506 | 45 to 84 | DASH | NA | NA |
A 1-unit increase in the DASH: Model 1 1: End-diastolic volume: 0.31 (0.08), p < 0.001 Stroke volume: 0.12 (0.03), p < 0.001 LVEF: 0.03 (0.02), p = 0.15 Model 2 2 End-diastolic volume: 0.31 (0.08), p < 0.001 Stroke volume: 0.12 (0.03), p < 0.001 LVEF: 0.03 (0.02), p = 0.15 Model 3 3 End-diastolic volume: 0.26 (0.08), p < 0.01 Stroke volume: 0.10 (0.03), p < 0.001 LVEF: 0.04 (0.02), p = 0.08 |
| Paleolithic Diet | ||||||||
| Andersson et al., 2016 [34] | RTC | Healthy postmenopausal women | 68 | NR | Paleolithic diet (30% PTN, 40% LIP, 30% CHO) | Nordic nutrition recommendation (15% PTN, 25–30% LIP, 55–60% CHO) | 2 years |
NT-proBNP (pg/mL) Group Paleolithic diet: Baseline: 64.4 (6.1) After 24 months: 87.6 (18.6) Group Nordic Nutrition Recommendation: Baseline: 47.3 (4.8) After 24 months: 67.9 (9.6) (p = 0.764) Left ventricular mass (g) Group Paleolithic diet: Basline: 101 After 24 months: 90 Group Nordic Nutrition Recommendation: Baseline: 107 After 24 months: 99 (p < 0.05) |
| Vegetarian Diet | ||||||||
| Pai et al., 2015 [35] | Cross-sectional | Adventist health study-2 | 206 | 74.0 ± 10.0 | Vegetarian diet | non-vegetarian diet | NA | LV diastolic dysfunction: OR 0.42 (IC 95% 0.24–0.73) LV hypertrophy: OR 0.30 (IC 95% 0.08–0.86) |
ACS: Acute coronary syndrome; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; BNP: Brain-Type Natriuretic Peptide; CHO: carbohydrate; CVD: cardiovascular disease; DASH: dietary approaches to stop hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; EF: Ejection fraction; HF: Heart failure; LIP: lipids; HR: hazard ratio; LV: left ventricle; LVEF: ejection fraction of the left ventricle; NA: not applicable; NR: not reported; NT: N-terminal; PTN: protein; RCT: randomized clinical trial; RR: relative risk; SD: study design; TMD+VOO: Traditional Mediterranean diet + olive oil. 1 (sex, age, schooling, body mass index (BMI), smoking, HDL: high density lipoprotein, LDL: low density lipoprotein, diabetes mellitus, systolic blood pressure, use of diabetes medications, use of blood pressure lowering medications, alcohol intake and physical activity); OR: odds ratio; RR: relative risk. 2 (model 1 + energy consumption). 3 (model 2 + race/ethnicity).