Table 2.
Dietary characteristics of the 405 participants according to gender and year.
| L1 | L2 | L3 | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2006 | 2016 | Within Male Students | Within Female Students | Between Gender in 2006 | Between Gender in 2016 | ||||||||||||
| 2006 | 2016 | Male | Female | Male | Female | ||||||||||||
| % | % | Adj. Res. | P (Cr.’s V) | % | % | % | % | Adj. Res. | P (Cr.’s V) | Adj. Res. | P (Cr.’s V) | Adj. Res. | P (Cr.’s V) | Adj. Res. | P (Cr.’s V) | ||
| Cereals/Starchy foods | 1/day | 1.2 | 0.6 | 0.6 | <0.001 (0.510) | 0.0 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | NA | <0.001 (0.373) | 0.7 | <0.001 (0.627) | 1.4 | <0.001 (0.364) | 0.8 | 0.802 |
| 2/day | 8.3 | 0.0 | 3.8 | 8.4 | 8.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.3 | 3.0 | 0.1 | NA | ||||||
| 3/day | 21.9 | 6.7 | 4.1 | 11.6 | 28.6 | 8.5 | 5.8 | 0.6 | 4.5 | 3.1 | 0.7 | ||||||
| 4/day | 24.0 | 6.7 | 4.5 | 17.9 | 27.9 | 5.1 | 7.7 | 2.3 | 4.0 | 1.8 | 0.6 | ||||||
| 5/day | 20.2 | 11.0 | 2.4 | 20.0 | 20.4 | 8.5 | 12.5 | 1.9 | 1.6 | 0.1 | 0.8 | ||||||
| >5/day | 24.4 | 74.8 | 10.0 | 42.1 | 12.9 | 78.0 | 73.1 | 4.4 | 9.7 | 5.2 | 0.7 | ||||||
| Fruits | <1/day | 10.3 | 0.0 | 4.2 | <0.001 (0.258) | 9.5 | 10.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.4 | 0.049 (0.250) | 3.5 | <0.001 (0.276) | 0.4 | 0.630 | NA | 0.904 |
| 1/day | 25.2 | 17.8 | 1.8 | 24.2 | 25.9 | 16.9 | 18.3 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 0.3 | 0.2 | ||||||
| 2/day | 35.1 | 42.3 | 1.5 | 41.1 | 31.3 | 42.4 | 42.3 | 0.2 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 0.0 | ||||||
| 3/day | 16.1 | 16.0 | 0.0 | 13.7 | 17.7 | 18.6 | 14.4 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.7 | ||||||
| >3/day | 13.2 | 23.9 | 2.8 | 11.6 | 14.3 | 22.0 | 25.0 | 1.7 | 2.1 | 0.6 | 0.4 | ||||||
| Nuts | <1/month | 20.2 | 18.4 | 0.5 | <0.001 (0.337) | 13.7 | 24.5 | 23.7 | 15.4 | 1.6 | <0.001 (0.387) | 1.8 | <0.001 (0.367) | 2.0 | 0.012 (0.213) | 1.3 | 0.021 (0.242) |
| O | 42.6 | 14.7 | 5.9 | 36.8 | 46.3 | 6.8 | 19.2 | 4.2 | 4.4 | 1.4 | 2.2 | ||||||
| 2–3/week | 34.3 | 55.2 | 4.2 | 45.3 | 27.2 | 50.8 | 57.7 | 0.7 | 4.9 | 2.9 | 0.8 | ||||||
| D | 2.9 | 11.7 | 3.5 | 4.2 | 2.0 | 18.6 | 7.7 | 2.9 | 2.2 | 1.0 | 2.1 | ||||||
| Vegetables | <1/day | 21.1 | 0.0 | 6.3 | <0.001 (0.600) | 33.7 | 12.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 5.0 | <0.001 (0.663) | 3.8 | <0.001 (0.563) | 3.9 | 0.002 (0.272) | NA | 0.031 (0.233) |
| 1/day | 53.7 | 25.2 | 5.7 | 49.5 | 56.5 | 30.5 | 22.1 | 2.3 | 5.4 | 1.1 | 1.2 | ||||||
| 2/day | 19.4 | 40.5 | 4.6 | 13.7 | 23.1 | 28.8 | 47.1 | 2.3 | 4.0 | 1.8 | 2.3 | ||||||
| 3/day | 4.1 | 0.0 | 2.6 | 3.2 | 4.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 2.3 | 0.6 | NA | ||||||
| 4/day | 1.2 | 27.6 | 8.1 | 0.0 | 2.0 | 37.3 | 22.1 | 6.4 | 5.1 | 1.4 | 2.1 | ||||||
| >4/day | 0.4 | 6.7 | 3.7 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 3.4 | 8.7 | 1.8 | 3.2 | 0.8 | 1.3 | ||||||
| Dairies | <1/day | 2.1 | 0.6 | 1.2 | <0.001 (0.325) | 1.1 | 2.7 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.8 | <0.001 (0.466) | 1.0 | 0.001 (0.253) | 0.9 | 0.529 | 0.8 | 0.065 |
| 1/day | 28.1 | 14.1 | 3.3 | 27.4 | 28.6 | 13.6 | 14.4 | 2.0 | 2.6 | 0.2 | 0.2 | ||||||
| 2/day | 42.6 | 25.8 | 3.5 | 47.4 | 39.5 | 15.3 | 31.7 | 4.1 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 2.3 ‡‡ | ||||||
| >2/day | 27.3 | 59.5 | 6.5 | 24.2 | 29.3 | 71.2 | 52.9 | 5.7 | 3.8 | 0.9 | 2.3 ‡‡‡ | ||||||
| Meat | <1/month | 2.5 | 18.4 | 5.5 | <0.001 (0.420) | 1.1 | 3.4 | 18.6 | 18.3 | 4.0 | <0.001 (0.400) | 3.9 | 0.000 (0.441) | 1.1 | 0.328 | 0.1 | 0.377 |
| O | 22.7 | 46.6 | 5.0 | 24.2 | 21.8 | 40.7 | 50.0 | 2.2 | 4.7 | 0.4 | 1.1 | ||||||
| 2–3/week | 72.3 | 34.4 | 7.6 | 70.5 | 73.5 | 39.0 | 31.7 | 3.9 | 6.6 | 0.5 | 0.9 | ||||||
| D | 2.5 | 0.6 | 1.4 | 4.2 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.3 | ||||||
| Processed meat | <1/month | 11.2 | 11.0 | 0.0 | <0.001 (0.207) | 7.4 | 13.6 | 10.2 | 11.5 | 0.6 | 0.182 | 0.5 | 0.002 (0.240) | 1.5 | 0.078 | 0.3 | 0.876 |
| O | 28.9 | 17.8 | 2.6 | 24.2 | 32.0 | 15.3 | 19.2 | 1.3 | 2.2 | 1.3 | 0.6 | ||||||
| 2–3/week | 54.5 | 54.6 | 0.0 | 60.0 | 51.0 | 55.9 | 53.8 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 1.4 | 0.3 | ||||||
| D | 5.4 | 16.6 | 3.7 | 8.4 | 3.4 | 18.6 | 15.4 | 1.9 | 3.4 | 1.7 | 0.5 | ||||||
| Poultry | <1/month | 0.8 | 5.5 | 2.9 | 0.003 (0.181) | 2.1 | 0.0 | 6.8 | 4.8 | 1.5 | 0.345 | 2.7 | 0.003 (0.216) | 1.8 | 0.051 | 0.5 | 0.929 |
| O | 23.6 | 20.2 | 0.8 | 27.4 | 21.1 | 22.0 | 19.2 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 1.1 | 0.4 | ||||||
| 2–3/week | 75.2 | 71.2 | 0.9 | 69.5 | 78.9 | 67.8 | 73.1 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 1.7 | 0.7 | ||||||
| D | 0.4 | 3.1 | 2.2 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 3.4 | 2.9 | 1.0 | 2.1 | 1.2 | 0.2 | ||||||
| Eggs | <1/month | 14.0 | 26.4 | 3.1 | <0.001 (0.289) | 10.5 | 16.3 | 18.6 | 30.8 | 1.4 | 0.002 (0.304) | 2.7 | <0.001 (0.286) | 1.3 | 0.089 | 1.7 | 0.065 |
| O | 41.3 | 19.0 | 4.7 | 37.9 | 43.5 | 15.3 | 21.2 | 3.0 | 3.7 | 0.9 | 0.9 | ||||||
| 2–3/week | 43.8 | 47.9 | 0.8 | 49.5 | 40.1 | 54.2 | 44.2 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 1.4 | 1.2 | ||||||
| D | 0.8 | 6.7 | 3.3 | 2.1 | 0.0 | 11.9 | 3.8 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 1.8 | 2.0 | ||||||
| Fish | <1/month | 6.6 | 12.3 | 2.0 | <0.001 (0.318) | 5.3 | 7.5 | 11.9 | 12.5 | 1.5 | <0.001 (0.431) | 1.3 | <0.001 (0.241) | 0.7 | 0.014 (0.186) | 0.1 | 0.818 |
| O | 39.3 | 10.4 | 6.4 | 50.5 | 32.0 | 8.5 | 11.5 | 5.3 | 3.8 | 2.9 | 0.6 | ||||||
| 2–3/week | 54.1 | 77.3 | 4.7 | 44.2 | 60.5 | 79.7 | 76.0 | 4.3 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 0.5 | ||||||
| Legumes | <1/month | 6.6 | 2.5 | 1.9 | <0.001 (0.336) | 7.4 | 6.1 | 1.7 | 2.9 | 1.5 | <0.001 (0.330) | 1.2 | <0.001 (0.341) | 0.4 | 0.955 | 0.5 | 0.908 |
| O | 33.9 | 7.4 | 6.2 | 33.7 | 34.0 | 8.5 | 6.7 | 3.6 | 5.1 | 0.1 | 0.4 | ||||||
| 2–3/week | 59.5 | 90.2 | 6.7 | 58.9 | 59.9 | 89.8 | 90.4 | 4.1 | 5.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | ||||||
| Sweets | <1/month | 5.8 | 2.5 | 1.6 | 0.259 | 11.6 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 3.8 | 2.7 | 0.036 (0.236) | 0.9 | 0.722 | 3.1 | 0.004 (0.233) | 1.5 | 0.221 |
| O | 16.5 | 16.6 | 0.0 | 21.1 | 13.6 | 22.0 | 13.5 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 1.5 | 1.4 | ||||||
| 2–3/week | 54.5 | 51.5 | 0.6 | 47.4 | 59.2 | 47.5 | 53.8 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 1.8 | 0.8 | ||||||
| D | 23.1 | 29.4 | 1.4 | 20.0 | 25.2 | 30.5 | 28.8 | 1.5 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.2 | ||||||
| “Ready-to-eat food” | <1/month | 5.0 | 7.4 | 1.0 | 0.016 (0.157) | 2.1 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 7.7 | 1.5 | 0.069 | 0.3 | 0.269 | 1.6 | 0.035 (0.186) | 0.2 | 0.707 |
| O | 28.1 | 22.1 | 1.4 | 23.2 | 31.3 | 18.6 | 24.0 | 0.7 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 0.8 | ||||||
| 2–3/week | 62.8 | 70.6 | 1.6 | 67.4 | 59.9 | 74.6 | 68.3 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 0.8 | ||||||
| D | 4.1 | 0.0 | 2.6 | 7.4 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.1 | 1.5 | 2.0 | NA | ||||||
| Alcoholic beverages | <1/month | 7.4 | 3.7 | 1.6 | 0.228 | 4.2 | 9.5 | 5.1 | 2.9 | 0.3 | 0.695 | 2.1 ‡ | 0.138 | 1.5 | 0.006 (0.223) | 0.7 | 0.016 (0.247) |
| O | 25.6 | 24.5 | 0.2 | 18.9 | 29.9 | 13.6 | 30.8 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 1.9 | 2.5 | ||||||
| 2–3/week | 62.0 | 63.2 | 0.2 | 67.4 | 58.5 | 66.1 | 61.5 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 1.4 | 0.6 | ||||||
| D | 5.0 | 8.6 | 1.5 | 9.5 | 2.0 | 15.3 | 4.8 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 2.6 | 2.3 | ||||||
L1: between year comparisons for the total sample; L2: between year–within gender comparisons; L3: between gender–within year comparisons; Adj. Res.: Adjusted Residual (in absolute value); P: Chi square test p-value; Cr.’s V: Cramer’s V coefficient; O: occasionally; D: daily; NA: not applicable; ‡ Exact probability p-value = 0.039; ‡‡ Exact probability p-value = 0.021; ‡‡‡ Exact probability p-value = 0.022.