Table 1.
Selected baseline characteristics of the Harbin People’s Health Study (Cohort 1, 2008–2012) and the Harbin Cohort Study on Diet, Nutrition and Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases (Cohort 2, 2010–2015).
| Variable | Cohort 1 | Cohort 2 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diabetes (n = 182) | No Diabetes (n = 3462) | Diabetes (n = 498) | No Diabetes (n = 6613) | |
| Age at recruitment (years) | 54 ± 10 | 50 ± 10 * | 53 ± 9 | 50 ± 9 * |
| Male (%) | 34 | 32 | 43 | 33 * |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27 ± 4 | 25 ± 3 * | 26 ± 3 | 25 ± 3 * |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 88 ± 12 | 84 ± 10 * | 89 ± 10 | 85 ± 10 * |
| Education (%) | ||||
| No formal education | 3.7 | 1.9 | 2.6 | 1.3 |
| Elementary school | 9.8 | 5.4 | 4.7 | 5.0 |
| Middle school | 30.1 | 30.2 | 27.7 | 23.0 |
| High school/secondary technical school | 27.6 | 33.9 | 36.5 | 35.0 |
| Technical school/college | 28.2 | 27.9 | 28.1 | 34.9 |
| Postgraduate degree or above | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.9 |
| Exercised regularly (%) | 56.2 | 67.1 * | 46.7 | 46.4 |
| Current smokers (%) | 17.2 | 17.1 | 17.8 | 15.5 |
| Current drinker (%) | 34.4 | 37.9 | 33.8 | 34.8 |
| Hypertension (%) | 52.5 | 37.3 * | 51.4 | 35.0 * |
| Coronary heart disease (%) | 34.6 | 20.4 * | 22.4 | 15.8 * |
| Family history of diabetes (%) | 11.7 | 13.2 | 18.7 | 15.0 |
| Actual energy intake (kcal/day) | 2115 ± 655 | 2199 ± 653 | 2364 ± 755 | 2287 ± 660 |
| Predicted energy requirement (kcal/day) | 2243 ± 389 | 2230 ± 359 | 2305 ± 354 | 2227 ± 367 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 5.1 ± 0.9 | 4.6 ± 0.6 * | 5.2 ± 0.9 | 4.5 ± 0.7 * |
| 2-h glucose (mmol/L) | 6.8 ± 2.3 | 5.5 ± 1.5 * | 7.1 ± 2.1 | 5.7 ± 1.6 * |
| Fasting insulin (µU/mL) | 11.8 ± 10.4 | 8.0 ± 6.7 * | 10.1 ± 6.5 | 8.1 ± 6.1 * |
| 2-h insulin (µU/mL) | 47.5 ± 40.4 | 35.7 ± 31.5 * | 54.3 ± 42.0 | 42.3 ± 34.3 * |
| HOMA2-IR | 1.0 ± 1.2 | 0.7 ± 0.8 * | 0.8 ± 1.0 | 0.6 ± 0.8 * |
| HOMA2-%B | 81.9 ± 89.2 | 82.1 ± 95.5 | 119.3 ± 63.2 | 124.3 ± 58.9 |
*: p < 0.05 when compared with non-cases. t-test were used for continuous variables; chi-square tests were used for categorical variables. Mean ± Standard Deviation were used for continuous variables. BMI: body mass index HOMA2-IR: Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA2-%B: Homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function.