Table 2.
Nutrition information across tertiles of low-carbohydrate, high-fat and high-protein diet scores in the Harbin People’s Health Study (Cohort 1, 2008–2012) and the Harbin Cohort Study on Diet Nutrition and Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases (Cohort 2, 2010–2015).
| HiCHO | ModCHO | LoCHO | p a | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Cohort 1 | ||||
| Ave CHO:FAT:PROT % | 68:22:10 | 62:27:11 | 53:34:13 | |
| Food Items | ||||
| Rice (g/day) | 269 ± 151 | 188 ± 103 | 133 ± 90 | <0.05 |
| Wheat (g/day) | 138 ± 110 | 136 ± 105 | 118 ± 90 | <0.05 |
| Potato (g/day) | 74 ± 78 | 51 ± 46 | 40 ± 39 | <0.05 |
| Bean (g/day) | 36 ± 35 | 48 ± 54 | 56 ± 62 | <0.05 |
| Snack (g/day) | 0.3 ± 0.5 | 0.2 ± 0.5 | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 0.13 |
| Beverage (mL/day) | 0.7 ± 1.9 | 0.6 ± 1.5 | 0.6 ± 1.2 | 0.35 |
| Ice cream (g/day) | 13 ± 37 | 12 ± 25 | 14 ± 45 | 0.55 |
| Livestock (g/day) | 32 ± 33 | 52 ± 44 | 94 ± 77 | <0.05 |
| Poultry (g/day) | 11 ± 13 | 16 ± 20 | 32 ± 46 | <0.05 |
| Fish (g/day) | 16 ± 21 | 24 ± 39 | 48 ± 105 | <0.05 |
| Dairy (g/day) | 1.4 ± 1.8 | 1.9 ± 2.0 | 2.2 ± 2.3 | <0.05 |
| Egg (g/day) | 33 ± 27 | 38 ± 28 | 46 ± 37 | <0.05 |
| Vegetable (g/day) | 301 ± 215 | 300 ± 226 | 260 ± 215 | <0.05 |
| Fruit (g/day) | 189 ± 186 | 147 ± 138 | 127 ± 107 | <0.05 |
| Nutrient Items | ||||
| Carbohydrate (g/day) | 413 ± 122 | 330 ± 97 | 270 ± 97 | <0.05 |
| Fat (g/day) | 58 ± 14 | 64 ± 16 | 77 ± 23 | <0.05 |
| Protein (g/day) | 62 ± 19 | 61 ± 22 | 68 ± 32 | <0.05 |
| Saturated fatty acid (g/day) | 11 ± 4 | 13 ± 4 | 18 ± 7 | <0.05 |
| Monounsaturated fatty acid (g/day) | 16 ± 5 | 19 ± 6 | 25 ± 9 | <0.05 |
| Cholesterol (mg/day) | 242 ± 166 | 294 ± 177 | 407 ± 248 | <0.05 |
| Fiber (g/day) | 15 ± 7 | 13 ± 7 | 11 ± 6 | <0.05 |
| Total Population | ||||
| Participants consuming extra calories (%) | 56.6 | 34.1 | 33.4 | <0.05 |
| Actual energy intake (kcal/day) | 2419 ± 655 | 2136 ± 593 | 2048 ± 663 | <0.05 |
| Predicted energy requirement (kcal/day) | 2209 ± 345 | 2239 ± 384 | 2242 ± 358 | 0.26 |
| Diabetes | ||||
| Participants consuming extra calories (%) | 38.8 | 43.1 | 31.7 | 0.43 |
| Actual energy intake (kcal/day) | 2307 ± 659 | 2186 ± 598 | 1907 ± 630 | <0.05 |
| Predicted energy requirement (kcal/day) | 2318 ± 427 | 2242 ± 416 | 2186 ± 325 | 0.20 |
| No Diabetes | ||||
| Participants consuming extra calories (%) | 57.5 | 33.6 | 33.5 | <0.05 |
| Actual energy intake (kcal/day) | 2424 ± 649 | 2133 ± 589 | 2056 ± 668 | <0.05 |
| Predicted energy requirement (kcal/day) | 2198 ± 333 | 2239 ± 381 | 2250 ± 362 | 0.06 |
| 2. Cohort 2 | ||||
| Ave CHO:FAT:PROT % | 69:21:10 | 61:27:11 | 52:34:14 | |
| Food Items | ||||
| Rice (g/day) | 292 ± 153 | 201 ± 117 | 142 ± 97 | <0.05 |
| Wheat (g/day) | 140 ± 115 | 135 ± 106 | 116 ± 89 | <0.05 |
| Potato (g/day) | 80 ± 85 | 52 ± 50 | 44 ± 42 | <0.05 |
| Bean (g/day) | 39 ± 43 | 47 ± 50 | 60 ± 69 | <0.05 |
| Snack (g/day) | 0.3 ± 0.6 | 0.3 ± 0.6 | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 0.06 |
| Beverage (mL/day) | 0.7 ± 1.8 | 0.7 ± 1.7 | 0.7 ± 1.3 | 0.86 |
| Ice cream (g/day) | 15 ± 41 | 13 ± 30 | 17 ± 42 | <0.05 |
| Livestock (g/day) | 36 ± 35 | 59 ± 51 | 101 ± 82 | <0.05 |
| Poultry (g/day) | 13 ± 15 | 20 ± 24 | 39 ± 48 | <0.05 |
| Fish (g/day) | 16 ± 20 | 24 ± 38 | 49 ± 99 | <0.05 |
| Dairy (g/day) | 1.4 ± 1.8 | 1.9 ± 2.1 | 2.1 ± 2.3 | <0.05 |
| Egg (g/day) | 32 ± 27 | 40 ± 31 | 54 ± 49 | <0.05 |
| Vegetable (g/day) | 281 ± 208 | 287 ± 239 | 248 ± 209 | <0.05 |
| Fruit (g/day) | 178 ± 179 | 150 ± 134 | 124 ± 107 | <0.05 |
| Nutrient Items | ||||
| Carbohydrate (g/day) | 433 ± 118 | 342 ± 101 | 278 ± 100 | <0.05 |
| Fat (g/day) | 60 ± 14 | 68 ± 17 | 82 ± 24 | <0.05 |
| Protein (g/day) | 65 ± 19 | 64 ± 23 | 73 ± 32 | <0.05 |
| Saturated fatty acid (g/day) | 122 ± 4 | 14 ± 5 | 19 ± 7 | <0.05 |
| Monounsaturated fatty acid (g/day) | 17 ± 5 | 20 ± 6 | 26 ± 10 | <0.05 |
| Cholesterol (mg/day) | 243 ± 167 | 316 ± 192 | 461 ± 318 | <0.05 |
| Fiber (g/day) | 15 ± 6 | 14 ± 7 | 12 ± 6 | <0.05 |
| Total Population | ||||
| Participants consuming extra calories (%) | 64.1 | 43.4 | 39.2 | <0.05 |
| Actual energy intake (kcal/day) | 2528 ± 639 | 2232 ± 621 | 2139 ± 677 | <0.05 |
| Predicted energy requirement (kcal/day) | 2199 ± 352 | 2235 ± 358 | 2259 ± 383 | <0.05 |
| Diabetes | ||||
| Participants consuming extra calories (%) | 58.4 | 45.1 | 40.6 | <0.05 |
| Actual energy intake (kcal/day) | 2585 ± 742 | 2287 ± 719 | 2257 ± 764 | <0.05 |
| Predicted energy requirement (kcal/day) | 2237 ± 347 | 2284 ± 307 | 2373 ± 384 | 0.02 |
| No Diabetes | ||||
| Participants consuming extra calories (%) | 64.5 | 43.3 | 39.1 | <0.05 |
| Actual energy intake (kcal/day) | 2527 ± 630 | 2227 ± 612 | 2128 ± 668 | <0.05 |
| Predicted energy requirement (kcal/day) | 2197 ± 353 | 2231 ± 361 | 2249 ± 382 | <0.05 |
a: ANOVA were used for continuous variables; chi-square tests were used for categorical variables. Mean ± Standard Deviation were used for continuous variables. HiCHO: High carbohydrate group; ModCHO: Moderate carbohydrate group; LoCHO: Low carbohydrate group; Ave: Average; CHO: energy supply ratio of carbohydrate; FAT: energy supply ratio of fat; PROT: energy supply ratio of protein.