Table 3.
Relative risk (95% Confidence interval) of type 2 diabetes across tertiles of low-carbohydrate, high-fat and high-protein diet scores in the Harbin People’s Health Study (Cohort 1, 2008–2012).
| HiCHO | ModCHO | LoCHO | Ptrend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Total Population (n = 3644) | ||||
| Ave CHO:FAT:PROT % | 68:22:10 | 62:27:11 | 53:34:13 | |
| n (cases) | 1172 (55) (4.7%) | 1130 (57) (5.0%) | 1342 (70) (5.2%) | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.14 (0.75, 1.73) | 1.23 (0.82, 1.83) | 0.32 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.12 (0.72, 1.75) | 1.30 (0.84, 2.01) | 0.23 |
| 2. Population Consuming Extra Calories (n = 1497) | ||||
| Ave CHO:FAT:PROT % | 71:19:10 | 64:25:11 | 54:32:14 | |
| Nutrient (g/day) | ||||
| Carbohydrate | 503 ± 106 | 434 ± 89 | 368 ± 81 | <0.05 |
| Fat | 61 ± 12 | 74 ± 14 | 96 ± 21 | <0.05 |
| Protein | 72 ± 16 | 78 ± 21 | 97 ± 33 | <0.05 |
| Fiber | 18 ± 7 | 17 ± 8 | 15 ± 7 | <0.05 |
| Energy intake (kcal/day) | ||||
| All | 2759 ± 532 | |||
| Actual | 2850 ± 550 | 2714 ± 522 | 2724 ± 516 | 0.02 |
| Predicted | 2172 ± 298 | 2156 ± 331 | 2131 ± 308 | 0.41 |
| BMI | 24 ± 3 | 25 ± 3 | 25 ± 3 | 0.07 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 4.6 ± 1.1 | 4.7 ± 1.3 | 4.7 ± 0.9 | 0.25 |
| Fasting insulin (µU/mL) | 8.0 ± 4.8 | 8.1 ± 4.1 | 8.3 ± 4.9 | 0.73 |
| n (cases) | 457 (13) (2.8%) | 534 (29) (5.4%) | 506 (26) (5.1%) | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 2.15 (1.04, 4.42) | 1.98 (0.95, 4.13) | 0.09 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 2.24 (1.07, 4.72) | 2.29 (1.07, 4.88) | 0.04 |
| 3. Population with Normal Caloric Intake (n = 2147) | ||||
| Ave CHO:FAT:PROT % | 66:24:10 | 60:29:11 | 51:36:13 | |
| Nutrient (g/day) | ||||
| Carbohydrate | 314 ± 66 | 275 ± 62 | 216 ± 63 | <0.05 |
| Fat | 51 ± 9 | 59 ± 12 | 67 ± 16 | <0.05 |
| Protein | 48 ± 12 | 51 ± 13 | 53 ± 17 | <0.05 |
| Fiber | 11 ± 4 | 10 ± 5 | 9 ± 4 | <0.05 |
| Energy intake (kcal/day) | ||||
| All | 1801 ± 402 | |||
| Actual | 1903 ± 372 | 1834 ± 387 | 1682 ± 410 | <0.05 |
| Predicted | 2290 ± 412 | 2284 ± 371 | 2281 ± 369 | 0.96 |
| BMI | 25 ± 4 | 25 ± 4 | 25 ± 3 | 0.26 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 4.7 ± 1.1 | 4.7 ± 0.9 | 4.8 ± 1.2 | 0.26 |
| Fasting insulin (µU/mL) | 8.2 ± 4.7 | 8.0 ± 4.3 | 8.7 ± 5.0 | 0.05 |
| n (cases) | 701 (45) (6.4%) | 656 (28) (4.3%) | 790 (41) (5.2%) | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.62 (0.36, 1.06) | 0.81 (0.50, 1.31) | 0.33 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.68 (0.39, 1.20) | 0.81 (0.47, 1.39) | 0.44 |
Model 1 adjusted for age, sex. Model 2 adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, waist circumference, current drinkers, current smokers, education, exercise regularly, family history of diabetes, coronary heart disease, hypertension, and total energy intake.