Table 4.
Prevalence ratio (PR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for frailty assessed by the weighted β score of the Kihon-Checklist in the quartile of protein-rich food intake frequency compared with the first quartile analyzed using multiple logistic regression among older men and women.
| Q1 (Lowest) | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 (Highest) | p for Trend | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | p-Value | PR (95% CI) | p-Value | PR (95% CI) | p-Value | ||
| Men | ||||||||
| Animal food (times/day) | ||||||||
| Seafood | ||||||||
| Case/total n (%) | 99/741 (13.4) | 87/917 (9.5) | 86/843 (10.2) | 82/802 (10.2) | ||||
| Model 1 | Reference | 0.72 (0.52, 1.00) | 0.049 * | 0.77 (0.55, 1.08) | 0.135 | 0.70 (0.50, 0.99) | 0.046 * | |
| Model 2 | Reference | 0.70 (0.48, 1.03) | 0.070 | 0.76 (0.51, 1.14) | 0.181 | 0.64 (0.42, 0.99) | 0.046 * | 0.086 |
| Meat | ||||||||
| Case/total n (%) | 99/841 (11.8) | 96/971 (9.9) | 87/756 (11.5) | 97/893 (10.9) | ||||
| Model 1 | Reference | 0.95 (0.69, 1.31) | 0.764 | 1.11 (0.80, 1.55) | 0.524 | 1.02 (0.74, 1.41) | 0.892 | |
| Model 2 | Reference | 1.13 (0.76, 1.68) | 0.535 | 1.42 (0.95, 2.13) | 0.091 | 1.19 (0.79, 1.81) | 0.404 | 0.274 |
| Dairy products | ||||||||
| Case/total n (%) | 100/717 (14.0) | 99/917 (10.8) | 76/780 (9.7) | 102/881 (11.6) | ||||
| Model 1 | Reference | 1.02 (0.74, 1.40) | 0.923 | 0.99 (0.70, 1.41) | 0.973 | 1.34 (0.96, 1.88) | 0.086 | |
| Model 2 | Reference | 0.86 (0.59, 1.25) | 0.422 | 0.84 (0.56, 1.26) | 0.403 | 1.40 (0.96, 2.06) | 0.084 | 0.098 |
| Egg | ||||||||
| Case/total n (%) | 54/418 (12.9) | 99/989 (10.0) | 113/1068 (10.6) | 180/1303 (13.8) | ||||
| Model 1 | Reference | 0.80 (0.55, 1.17) | 0.249 | 0.81 (0.56, 1.18) | 0.280 | 1.10 (0.77, 1.57) | 0.607 | |
| Model 2 | Reference | 0.82 (0.50, 1.34) | 0.427 | 0.78 (0.47, 1.29) | 0.335 | 1.41 (0.87, 2.27) | 0.160 | 0.015 * |
| Soy products (times/day) | ||||||||
| Case/total n (%) | 88/682 (12.9) | 108/1061 (10.2) | 76/682 (11.1) | 104/935 (11.1) | ||||
| Model 1 | Reference | 0.77 (0.55, 1.06) | 0.109 | 0.87 (0.61, 1.24) | 0.438 | 0.76 (0.54, 1.08) | 0.123 | |
| Model 2 | Reference | 0.83 (0.57, 1.21) | 0.343 | 0.84 (0.55, 1.29) | 0.422 | 0.81 (0.53, 1.22) | 0.308 | 0.374 |
| Women | ||||||||
| Animal food (times/day) | ||||||||
| Seafood | ||||||||
| Case/total n (%) | 188/877 (21.4) | 122/881 (13.9) | 137/1006 (13.6) | 126/828 (15.2) | ||||
| Model 1 | Reference | 0.64 (0.48, 0.86) | 0.003 * | 0.62 (0.46, 0.82) | 0.001 * | 0.65 (0.48, 0.89) | 0.007 * | |
| Model 2 | Reference | 0.61 (0.43, 0.85) | 0.004 * | 0.64 (0.46, 0.91) | 0.013 * | 0.70 (0.48, 1.02) | 0.066 | 0.088 |
| Meat | ||||||||
| Case/total n (%) | 161/761 (21.2) | 153/977 (15.7) | 134/922 (14.5) | 177/1145 (15.5) | ||||
| Model 1 | Reference | 0.86 (0.64, 1.14) | 0.287 | 0.83 (0.62, 1.11) | 0.215 | 0.86 (0.64, 1.14) | 0.281 | |
| Model 2 | Reference | 0.81 (0.57, 1.15) | 0.236 | 0.89 (0.62, 1.26) | 0.504 | 0.90 (0.63, 1.28) | 0.560 | 0.759 |
| Dairy products | ||||||||
| Case/total n (%) | 208/902 (23.1) | 76/465 (16.3) | 194/1382 (14.0) | 130/928 (14.0) | ||||
| Model 1 | Reference | 0.86 (0.61, 1.20) | 0.369 | 0.71 (0.55, 0.92) | 0.008 * | 0.78 (0.59, 1.04) | 0.096 | |
| Model 2 | Reference | 0.86 (0.59, 1.27) | 0.457 | 0.69 (0.51, 0.92) | 0.013 * | 0.90 (0.64, 1.27) | 0.549 | 0.168 |
| Egg | ||||||||
| Case/total n (%) | 85/380 (22.4) | 193/1040 (18.6) | 268/1736 (15.4) | 192/1086 (17.7) | ||||
| Model 1 | Reference | 0.92 (0.66, 1.29) | 0.620 | 0.78 (0.57, 1.08) | 0.133 | 0.84 (0.60, 1.18) | 0.314 | |
| Model 2 | Reference | 1.00 (0.65, 1.55) | 0.987 | 0.90 (0.60, 1.37) | 0.636 | 0.81 (0.51, 1.26) | 0.348 | 0.217 |
| Soy products (times/day) | ||||||||
| Case/total n (%) | 181/897 (20.2) | 130/862 (15.1) | 160/1036 (15.4) | 154/961 (16.0) | ||||
| Model 1 | Reference | 0.74 (0.56, 0.99) | 0.043 * | 0.80 (0.61, 1.05) | 0.103 | 0.75 (0.57, 1.00) | 0.051 | |
| Model 2 | Reference | 0.84 (0.60, 1.18) | 0.318 | 0.94 (0.67, 1.31) | 0.713 | 0.95 (0.67, 1.36) | 0.800 | 0.924 |
Q = quartile of frequencies of protein-rich food; Q1: <25th percentile; Q2: ≥25th and <50th; Q3: ≥50th and <75th; Q4: ≥75th; Model 1, a fully adjusted multiple logistic regression model, used age (years), family structure (alone, with someone/others, and unknown), educational attainment (≤9, 10–12, ≥13 years, and unknown), self-rated economic conditions (good, poor, and unknown), diet supplement use (yes, no, and unknown), diet treatment (yes, no, and unknown), smoking habits (yes, past, never, and unknown), body mass index (<18.5, 18.5–24.9, and ≥25 kg/m2, and unknown), total energy intake (kcal/day), and population density (≥1000 or <1000 people/km2). Model 2, Model 1+ all groups of food frequencies (e.g., seafood, meat, dairy product, egg, and soy product) among 2807 men and 2978 women; p for trend, the linear trend test across the quartile groups of food intake frequency was performed; * p-value < 0.05.