Table 6.

The multiple regression model for the associations between the frequency of seafood and dairy products and the six subdomains of the Kihon-Checklist for assessing frailty among older women.

	Frequency of Seafood Intake							p for Trend
	Q1 (Lowest)	Q2	p-Value	Q3	p-Value	Q4 (Highest)	p-Value
n	877	881		1006		828
IADL
Means (SE)	0.62 (0.027)	0.48 (0.025)		0.48 (0.023)		0.43 (0.028)
β (SE)	Reference	−0.132 (0.035)	<0.001 **	−0.135 (0.036)	<0.001 **	−0.183 (0.041)	<0.001 **	<0.001 **
Physical function
Means (SE)	1.07 (0.035)	1.00 (0.032)		1.07 (0.030)		1.10 (0.036)
β (SE)	Reference	−0.065 (0.046)	0.158	0.002 (0.047)	0.961	0.031 (0.053)	0.557	0.340
Oral function
Means (SD)	0.08 (0.004)	0.08 (0.004)		0.07 (0.004)		0.07 (0.005)
β (SE)	Reference	−0.002 (0.006)	0.791	−0.005 (0.006)	0.362	−0.011 (0.007)	0.093	0.080
Socialization
Means (SE)	0.05 (0.004)	0.04 (0.003)		0.05 (0.003)		0.05 (0.004)
β (SE)	Reference	−0.001 (0.005)	0.879	0.005 (0.005)	0.286	0.0002 (0.006)	0.967	0.642
Memory
Means (SE)	0.14 (0.008)	0.13 (0.007)		0.12 (0.007)		0.09 (0.008)
β (SE)	Reference	−0.012 (0.010)	0.255	−0.013 (0.010)	0.206	−0.042 (0.012)	<0.001 **	0.001 *
Mood
Means (SE)	0.20 (0.009)	0.18 (0.008)		0.19 (0.008)		0.16 (0.009)
β (SE)	Reference	−0.018 (0.012)	0.133	−0.007 (0.012)	0.543	−0.032 (0.013)	0.017 *	0.056
	Frequency of Dairy Products Intake							p for Trend
	Q1 (Lowest)	Q2	p-Value	Q3	p-Value	Q4 (Highest)	p-Value
n	902	465		1382		928
IADL
Means (SE)	0.56 (0.025)	0.47 (0.034)		0.49 (0.020)		0.47 (0.026)
β (SE)	Reference	−0.061 (0.042)	0.146	−0.076 (0.032)	0.017 *	−0.093 (0.037)	0.011 *	0.008 *
Physical function
Means (SE)	1.16 (0.033)	1.05 (0.043)		1.01 (0.025)		1.04 (0.033)
β (SE)	Reference	−0.079 (0.054)	0.143	−0.152 (0.041)	<0.001 **	−0.136 (0.047)	0.004 *	0.001 *
Oral function
Means (SD)	0.08 (0.004)	0.08 (0.005)		0.07 (0.003)		0.07 (0.004)
β (SE)	Reference	−0.003 (0.007)	0.713	−0.012 (0.005)	0.022 *	−0.015 (0.006)	0.010 *	0.003 *
Socialization
Means (SE)	0.04 (0.034)	0.05 (0.004)		0.05 (0.003)		0.05 (0.003)
β (SE)	Reference	0.010 (0.006)	0.088	0.006 (0.004)	0.199	0.003 (0.005)	0.570	0.613
Memory
Means (SE)	0.14 (0.007)	0.12 (0.010)		0.11 (0.006)		0.12 (0.007)
β (SE)	Reference	−0.016 (0.012)	0.186	−0.023 (0.009)	0.012 *	−0.021 (0.011)	0.049 *	0.026 *
Mood
Means (SE)	0.18 (0.008)	0.19 (0.011)		0.18 (0.006)		0.19 (0.008)
β (SE)	Reference	0.010 (0.014)	0.446	-0.005 (0.011)	0.654	0.008 (0.012)	0.513	0.838

Means (SE) = fully adjusted means (standard error) of food frequency (times/day) by analysis of covariance; β (SE) = standardized (beta) coefficient (standard error); Q = quartile of frequencies of protein-rich food; Q1: ≤25th percentile; Q2: ≥25th and <50th; Q3: ≥50th and <75th; Q4: ≥75th; The regression model was used adjusting for age (years), family members (alone, with someone/others, and unknown), educational attainment (<9, 10–12, ≥13 years, and unknown), nutritional supplement use (yes, no, and unknown), dietary treatment (yes, no, and unknown), smoking habits (yes, no, and unknown), body mass index (<18.5, 18.5–24.9, ≥25 kg/m², and unknown), total energy intake (kcal/day), and population density (≥1000 or <1000 people/km²) in addition to all the groups of food intake frequencies (e.g., seafood, meat, dairy product, egg, and soy product) among 2978 women; p for trend, the linear trend test across the quartile groups of the food intake frequency was performed; * p-value < 0.05; ** p-value < 0.001.