Table 1.
Characteristics of the German Health-Interview and Examination Survey for Adults (DEGS1) study population in sex-balanced quintiles of dietary potential renal acid load (PRAL) (n = 6788).
| Median PRAL, mEq/Day | −30.8 (−44.3, −23.7) | −12.7 (−16.9, −7.9) | −4.5 (−7.7, 0.4) | 3.9 (−0.6, 7.8) | 15.5 (9.3, 23.2) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 1356 | 1358 | 1358 | 1358 | 1358 | |
| Women, % | 49.4 (46.2, 52.7) | 51.2 (47.9, 54.5) | 52.4 (48.9, 55.9) | 49.7 (46.1, 53.4) | 49.4 (46.1, 52.7) | 0.7 |
| Age, years a | 49.9 (48.9, 50.9) | 52.5 (51.3, 53.7) | 50.1 (49.0, 51.3) | 45.7 (44.6, 46.8) | 40.4 (39.4, 41.3) | <0.0001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 a | 27.0 (26.6, 27.3) | 26.9 (26.6, 27.3) | 27.0 (26.6, 27.3) | 26.9 (26.6, 27.3) | 26.4 (26.0, 26.8) | 0.1 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg a | 123.8 (122.8, 124.7) | 124.7 (123.5, 125.9) | 124.6 (123.5, 125.6) | 123.9 (122.9, 124.9) | 123.7 (122.7, 124.7) | 0.5 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg a | 73.4 (72.7, 74.0) | 73.5 (72.8, 74.2) | 73.5 (72.9, 74.1) | 73.1 (72.5, 73.7) | 72.9 (72.2, 73.6) | 0.7 |
| Hypertension prevalence b, % | 31.8 (28.8, 34.8) | 36.3 (32.7, 40.0) | 34.9 (31.7, 38.1) | 32.2 (28.7, 35.7) | 24.6 (22.0, 27.3) | <0.0001 |
| Diuretic use, % | 4.4 (3.3, 5.5) | 5.6 (4.1, 7.1) | 5.4 (3.8, 7.0) | 5.4 (3.8, 6.9) | 2.4 (1.6, 3.1) | 0.001 |
| Beta blocker use, % | 15.1 (12.9, 17.3) | 17.8 (15.2, 20.4) | 15.3 (12.8, 17.8) | 14.5 (11.9, 17.0) | 9.4 (7.8, 11.0) | <0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL a | 203.6 (200.6, 206.6) | 207.7 (204.4, 210.9) | 205.1 (201.3, 209.0) | 201.6 (198.5, 204.7) | 196.2 (193.2, 199.2) | <0.0001 |
| Estimated GFR c, mL/min/1.73 m2 a | 93.3 (91.5, 95.1) | 89.6 (87.8, 91.5) | 92.5 (90.5, 94.4) | 93.6 (91.8, 95.4) | 99.0 (96.9, 101.1) | <0.0001 |
| Smoking | ||||||
| Daily or occasionally, % | 32.6 (29.2, 36.0) | 22.8 (19.9, 25.8) | 25.9 (23.0, 28.9) | 30.7 (27.3, 34.0) | 34.0 (30.6, 37.4) | <0.0001 |
| Former smoker, % | 27.3 (24.4, 30.2) | 32.0 (28.9, 35.0) | 32.1 (29.3, 35.0) | 27.8 (24.7, 31.0) | 23.2 (20.4, 26.1) | |
| Never smoker, % | 40.1 (36.6, 43.6) | 45.2 (42.0, 48.4) | 41.9 (38.6, 45.2) | 41.5 (38.0, 45.0) | 42.7 (39.4, 46.1) | |
| Sports activity | ||||||
| No sports activity, % | 32.3 (28.8, 35.8) | 31.8 (28.2, 35.3) | 31.3 (27.8, 34.8) | 32.4 (28.9, 36.0) | 34.8 (31.7, 38.0) | 0.2 |
| <2 h per week, % | 38.8 (35.3, 42.4) | 43.5 (40.1, 46.9) | 42.6 (39.2, 46.0) | 44.2 (40.8, 47.6) | 40.4 (37.3, 43.5) | |
| >2 h per week, % | 28.9 (25.3, 32.4) | 24.8 (21.9, 27.7) | 26.1 (22.8, 29.4) | 23.4 (20.3, 26.6) | 24.8 (21.9, 27.7) | |
| Socioeconomic Status (SES) | ||||||
| Low | 18.4 (15.7, 21.0) | 17.1 (14.1, 20.1) | 18.9 (15.9, 22.0) | 16.3 (13.5, 19.1) | 22.8 (20.0, 25.7) | <0.0001 |
| Medium | 62.0 (58.5, 65.5) | 58.4 (54.7, 62.0) | 58.9 (55.5, 62.4) | 62.6 (59.3, 66.0) | 61.9 (59.1, 64.6) | |
| High | 19.6 (16.8, 22.4) | 24.5 (21.3, 27.7) | 22.2 (19.0, 25.3) | 21.1 (18.3, 23.9) | 15.3 (13.0, 17.6) | |
| Alcohol | ||||||
| 0 g/day, % | 15.7 (13.2, 18.2) | 11.3 (8.7, 13.9) | 16.4 (13.7, 19.1) | 13.2 (11.0, 15.5) | 16.3 (13.5, 19.0) | 0.04 |
| <10/20 g/day, % | 67.9 (64.8, 71.1) | 73.8 (70.8, 76.9) | 67.0 (63.7, 70.3) | 71.6 (68.5, 74.6) | 67.6 (64.6, 70.5) | |
| >10/20 g/day, % | 16.4 (13.6, 19.1) | 14.9 (12.5, 17.2) | 16.6 (14.1, 19.0) | 15.2 (13.0, 17.5) | 16.2 (14.1, 18.3) | |
| Estimated urinary Na-Excretion, mmol/day d | 161.1 (103.2, 242.5) | 156.0 (97.1, 232.4) | 157.1 (102.5, 227.2) | 160.7 (98.9, 232.9) | 165.1 (103.9, 236.2) | 0.2 |
| Estimated salt intake, g/day d | 9.4 (6.0, 14.2) | 9.1 (5.7, 13.6) | 9.2 (6.0, 13.3) | 9.4 (5.8, 13.6) | 9.6 (6.1, 13.8) | 0.2 |
| Estimated K-Excretion, mmol/day d | 93.1 (67.9, 121.9) | 84.9 (64.5, 112.2) | 85.2 (59.9, 113.8) | 78.9 (60.4, 106.0) | 73.9 (54.2, 102.1) | <0.0001 |
| Estimated K-Intake, mg/day d | 4403 (3540, 5664) | 3120 (2595, 3785) | 2700 (2185, 3407) | 2619 (1975, 3207) | 2793 (2196, 3606) | <0.0001 |
| Meat consumption e, g/day d | 66.4 (37.9, 103.2) | 66.2 (40.0, 97.8) | 67.6 (42.6, 97.8) | 81.3 (49.2, 117.9) | 118.0 (78.2, 183.3) | <0.0001 |
| Milk product consumption f, g/day d | 314.6 (142.9, 616.3) | 262.1 (130.8, 457.6) | 242.2 (127.1, 428.9) | 242.6 (128.5, 425.6) | 245.6 (127.9, 457.3) | <0.0001 |
| Fruit and vegetable consumption, g/day d | 461.1 (232.4, 827.9) | 357.7 (213.5, 530.7) | 269.8 (166.1, 420.5) | 211.6 (128.1, 330.3) | 179.3 (97.2, 303.8) | <0.0001 |
a Data presented as mean (95% Confidence interval); b Hypertension was defined as BP values ≥ 140/90 mmHg or antihypertensive medication use in physician-diagnosed hypertension; c Glomerular filtration rate, calculated according to the four-variable Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula; d Data presented as median (Q1, Q3); e Consumption of meat including poultry, ham, and sausages; f Consumption of milk, cream cheese, cheese, curd cheese, soured milk and yoghurt; BMI, body mass index; BP, Blood pressure.