Table 1.

Some roles of MSCs in OS

Function	Source of MSCs or other related cells	Type of OS cells	Relevant molecules or genes	References
Differentiating to OS	Mouse bone marrow and adipose tissue	/	P53 knockout	[14]
		/	P53 and Rb knockout	[14]
	Mouse bone marrow	/	c-MYC overexpression and Ink4a/Arf knockout	[15]
	Osteochondrocyte progenitors	/	c-MYC overexpression and Ink4a/Arf knockout	[15]
	Human bone marrow	/	c-Myc overexpression and Rb silencing	[12]
	Mouse	/	Loss of Cdkn2a/p16	[17]
	Osteogenic lineage-committed progenitor cells	/	P53 and Rb knockout	[13]
Promoting proliferation	Bone marrow	Tumorigenic MSCs	Gene (Fut-7, H2-K1, and H2-D1)↑; Gene (Est1)↓	[21]
	Bone marrow	HOS-CSC	TGF-β-dependent IL-6 secretion	[24]
	Human	9607-F5M2	CXCR4-mediated high expression of VEGF	[26]
	Human	Saos-2	CCL5 secreted by hMSCs	[30]
	Human adipose tissue	MG63, HOS, and 143B cells	IL6 secretion induced by OS EVs	[27]
Promoting metastasis	Bone marrow	UMR-106	High expression of VEGF	[25]
	Human	9607-F5M2	CXCR4-mediated high expression of VEGF	[26]
	Human	Saos-2	CCL5 secreted by human MSCs	[30]
	Bone marrow and adipose tissue	MG-63, Saos-2, and HOS	IL6, IL8, CCL5, GM-CSF, CXCL1, and CXCL5 secreted by activated MSCs, promoting stemness	[33]
	Human adipose tissue	MG63, HOS, and 143B cells	IL-6 secretion-induced by OS EVs	[27]
Strengthening drug resistance	Bone marrow and adipose tissue	MG-63, Saos-2, and HOS	IL6, IL8, CCL5, GM-CSF, CXCL1, and CXCL5 secreted by activated MSCs, promoting stemness	[33]
	Human bone marrow	Saos-2 and U2-OS	IL-6/STAT3 signaling	[40]
Inhibiting proliferation and migration	Wharton’s jelly	MG-63	Beclin-1 and LC3B	[41]