Table 2.

Analyses of risk factors for late postoperative cholangitis

		Univariate			Multivariate
		Late postoperative cholangitis			Odds ratio	95% CI	P value
		(+)	(−)
		n = 28	n = 105	P value
Age (years)	≥ 70	11	46	0.667
	< 70	17	59
Sex	Male	17	60	0.734
	Female	11	45
Body mass index (kg/m2)	≥ 24	15	34	0.039	2.147	0.891–5.174	0.089
	< 24	13	71
Diagnosis	Benign	1	8	0.684
	Malignancy	27	97
Diabetes mellitus	Yes	9	23	0.260
	No	19	82
Jaundice (≥ 2.0 mg/dL)	Yes	16	58	0.857
	No	12	47
Preoperative biliary drainage	Yes	16	77	0.097
	No	12	28
Type of operation	PD/SSPPD	9	52	0.101
	PPPD	19	53
Operation time (min)	≥ 420	16	64	0.715
	< 420	12	41
Blood loss (mL)	≥ 800	16	57	0.787
	< 800	12	48
Transfusion	Yes	7	26	0.979
	No	21	79
Pancreatic fistule grade B/C	Yes	6	13	0.224
	No	22	92
Bile leakage	Yes	1	1	0.378
	No	27	104
Delayed gastric emptying	Yes	0	9	0.203
	No	28	96
Surgical site infection	Yes	5	17	0.833
	No	23	88
Pneumobilia	Yes	15	41	0.167
	No	13	64
Alkaline phosphatase levela	Abnormal	20	42	0.003	3.81	1.519–9.553	0.004
	Normal	8	63

PD pancreaticoduodenectomy, SSPPD subtotal stomach-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy, PPPD pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy

^aNormal range of alkaline phosphatase level, 104–338 IU/L