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. 2018 Jan 22;11(1):166. doi: 10.3390/ma11010166

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© 2018 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Shape-shifting structures fabricated by 4D printing. (a,b) Biomimic shape-shifting flowers, reprinted from [87] with the permission of Nature Publishing Group, Copyright 2016; (c) Schematic of two droplets of different osmolarities joined by a lipid bilayer. The flow of water through the bilayer causes the droplets to swell or shrink; (d) Schematic of a droplet network that comprises two strips of droplets of different osmolarities. The transfer of water between the droplets induces an overall deformation of the network; (e) Photographs of a rectangular network folding into a circle over about 3 h, reprinted from [88] with the permission of The American Association for the Advancement of Science, Copyright 2013.

Shape-shifting structures fabricated by 4D printing. (a,b) Biomimic shape-shifting flowers, reprinted from [87] with the permission of Nature Publishing Group, Copyright 2016; (c) Schematic of two droplets of different osmolarities joined by a lipid bilayer. The flow of water through the bilayer causes the droplets to swell or shrink; (d) Schematic of a droplet network that comprises two strips of droplets of different osmolarities. The transfer of water between the droplets induces an overall deformation of the network; (e) Photographs of a rectangular network folding into a circle over about 3 h, reprinted from [88] with the permission of The American Association for the Advancement of Science, Copyright 2013.