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. 2018 Jan 22;11(1):166. doi: 10.3390/ma11010166

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© 2018 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

4D-printed smart piezoelectric microstructures. (a,b) Different microstructures printed by digital projection printing (DPP), including (a) square arrays and (b) honeycomb arrays, reprinted from [93] with the permission of American Chemical Society, Copyright 2014; (c,d) Printed using projection microstereolithography (PμSL) technique for an all-polymer-based piezoelectric device, reprinted from [94] with the permission of Elsevier, Copyright 2017; (e) One-step 4D-printed piezoelectric cylinder; (f) SEM image of inclined top view of a 3D spanning 9-layer piezoelectric scaffold, reprinted from [95] with the permission of American Chemical Society, Copyright 2017.