Table 1. Comparisons of socio-demographic and obstetric variables by ethnicity.
| Overall (n= 1,263) | Han women (n = 640) | Kazak women (n = 623) | t/χ2 | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y) (mean ± SD) | 28.32 ± 5.00 | 27.98 ± 4.99 | 28.68 ± 4.99 | 2.467b | 0.014 |
| Religion (yes) n (%) | 671 (53.1) | 54 (8.4) | 617 (99.0) | 1040.586c | <0.001 |
| None/primary education n (%) | 678 (53.7) | 217 (33.9) | 461 (74.0) | 204.066c | <0.001 |
| Stable employment n (%) | 507 (40.1) | 372 (58.1) | 135 (21.7) | 174.611c | <0.001 |
| Household income ≤ 2,000 yuan (300 USD)/month n (%) | 458 (36.3) | 50 (7.8) | 408 (65.5) | 454.377c | <0.001 |
| Smoking history n (%) | 54 (4.3) | 20 (3.1) | 34 (5.5) | 4.196c | 0.041 |
| Drinking history n (%) | 79 (6.3) | 60 (9.4) | 19 (3.0) | 21.540c | <0.001 |
| Previous pregnancy loss n (%) | 314 (24.9) | 154 (24.1) | 160 (25.7) | 0.443c | 0.506 |
| Multiparous n (%) | 634 (50.2) | 210 (32.8) | 424 (68.1) | 156.868c | <0.001 |
| Unplanned pregnancy n (%) | 265 (21.0) | 144 (22.5) | 121 (19.4) | 1.804c | 0.179 |
| Cesarean section n (%) | 526 (41.6) | 313 (48.9) | 213 (34.2) | 28.135c | <0.001 |
| Female infant n (%) | 576 (45.6) | 300 (46.9) | 276 (44.3) | 0.843c | 0.359 |
| Mother-in-law as caregiver after childbirthan (%) | 465 (36.8) | 312 (48.8) | 153 (24.6) | 79.421c | <0.001 |
| Breast-feeding n (%) | 960 (76.0) | 444 (69.4) | 516 (82.8) | 31.319c | <0.001 |
| Postpartum UI n (%) | 315 (24.9) | 150 (23.4) | 165 (26.5) | 1.566c | 0.211 |
| PPD n (%) | 184 (14.6) | 84 (13.1) | 100 (16.1) | 2.172c | 0.141 |
Notes.
a
All other caregivers as the reference category.
b
t.
c
χ2.
- UI
- urinary incontinence
- PPD
- postpartum depression