Figure 3. Core territories of breeding pairs of Golden-winged Warblers before and after management.

Core breeding territories (white polygons) of Golden-winged Warbler pairs in our study sites at Rice Lake National Wildlife Refuge during 2013–2016. Core breeding territories in the treatment site are displayed for (A) 2013 (n = 62 pairs) and (B) 2014 (n = 62 pairs) before vegetation shearing, and (C) 2015 (n = 45 pairs) and (D) 2016 (n = 45 pairs), the 2 breeding seasons following vegetation shearing. Areas of vegetation shearing are identified by green polygons before management and red polygons after management. Core breeding territories in the control site are displayed for the same 4 years (E–F) with 19 pairs in each year. All core breeding territories were delineated based on spot-mapping, mist-netting, and observations of nest building, nestling feeding, and territorial behavior, are intended for census information, and do not represent total area used by birds for their song territories or home ranges (Streby, Loegering & Andersen, 2012). Base map from ESRI World Imagery.