Figure 4. Spatially explicit model of full-season productivity for Golden-winged Warblers breeding in the study area before and after management.

Productivity surfaces derived from spatially explicit full-season productivity models for Golden-winged Warblers breeding at our treatment site at Rice Lake National Wildlife Refuge, Minnesota, USA (A) before and (B) after management implemented with the intention of benefiting the species and related young forest-associated species. Non-nesting area (hatched) is comprised of roads, gravel parking areas, and grassland and productivity values from non-nesting areas are not included in total productivity estimates. Management increased the amount of non-nesting area and decreased productivity for the remaining nesting area from 1.45 fledglings raised to independence per breeding pair prior to management to 1.04 fledglings per pair immediately after management. Base map from ESRI World Imagery (both images are identical for ease of comparison of model outputs, thus the base maps are not intended to display location of vegetation shearing).